Problems For Women In Sport

Problems For Women In SportWomens rugger is an ever growing variant from the first game being played hard in Great Britain in the late 1970s (RFUW) to England hosting the Womens World Cup in September 2010. This report is to gain an insight into the thoughts, olfactory propertyings and experiences of student feminine rugby football players how they perceive themselves and also how they feel ab step to the fore the RFUW. I birth also inquiryed into how manlike rugby players perceive the female players as individuals and players within the game as a whole. I beget aimed to unc everywhere how this specific group of female athletes atomic number 18 treated within society by their peers and how they feel more or less the media prototype of them.IntroductionThis literature review explores problems for women in tout, research into womens rugby, the male prevail game and also how womens ruby is represented by the media. Shockleys (2006127) article presents the history of the egression and decline of womens rugby from 1974 to 1980 in the southeast of America, in the year 1970 a group of pi wizardering women worked without varsity scholarships and little(a) collegiate or community support to lay down rugby teams across the region. The effort of this group created at least fifteen teams throughout the region in 1980. This is an example of the growth of womens rugby and how a little unknown niche of women has establish such a globose uninfected success.Problems in Sport there atomic number 18 many factors which could shape womens views on their elect feature of interest one of which is victimisation. Fastings (2008) youthful research into the participation in college sports and protection from sexual victimization, investigates female athletes experiences of mingled forms of discrimination including sexual victimisation from coaches and some otherwise male athletes. The paper reports on the first descriptive analysis to test the sport protection hypothesis among both female and male athletes. Fasting (2008) think that students were significantly less likely to report sexual victimisation during their last high coach and early college years than their non athletic counterparts. Thus can become a major difficulty in the university setting, although my research is not based around this problem, it is still a highly important issue among females in sport and can affect a players views of their sport.Female athletes in male dominated sports such like rugby ar constantly bombarded with the issue of femininity. It is a boundary used by the media and also by many males when arguing that rugby isnt a womens game. Eitzen (2009) states that the traditional conception of femininity, as passive and helpless is challenged today by the fit, athletic and even muscular appearance of women athletes. in contemporary society women have brought a new standard of femininity that combines beauty with taut, developed muscles (Eitzen 200982). In relation to femininity another factor faced by sporting athletes is gender inequality Grace (199725) speaks of her research as drawing connections between sport as a cultural institution and gender inequality in all beas of life, Her theories and ideologies demonstrate how ideologies of natural difference present amicablely constructed meanings of masculinity and femininity as rooted in biology. She also states because sport is located in bodily practices, those who control it hold a great deal of cultural power. Exploring the implications of accessible relations being shaped by the cultural institution of sport also raises head words nearly relative privileges held by distinct women, and how these are reproduced through sporting activities (Grace 199725).Dewar (1991), analysing sport is like a set of selected and selective affable practices that embody dominant meanings, values and practices which are implicated in the creation and maintenance of hegemonic social relatio nships.Femininity and Masculinity- Gender RolesWhilst studying womens rugby I have observed the repetition of gender-role counterpoint theorys which have suggested that women athletes will experience role conflict because they are attempting to enact both feminine and masculine gender roles, yet research findings have shown mixed support for this notion Fallon and Jome (2007311), Their study explored how women rugby players negotiate gender-role expectations and conflict as women participating in a traditionally masculine sport. Fallon and Jome (2007311) found the participants perceived conflicting expectations for their gender-role behaviour more than they seemed to experience conflict about those expectations. They then(prenominal) state that the athletes tried to avoid experiencing gender-role conflict. The resiliency displayed by the women athletes in coping with discrepant gender-role messages provides new considerations for gender-role conflict theory. There is a problem wit h the expectations of how a female rugby player should look and act, this is due to the stereotyping of society today. Words associated with female players are alonech, big, lesbian, angry whereas words associated with a male rugby player are fit, athletic, strong, toned, muscular(Fallon and Jome 2007) there is an obvious difference here which leads me to examine how the students feel about themselves and how they are perceived, also whether this has an effect on them as players striving to achieve success. furthermore Chase (2006229) investigates the multiple and complex ways in which the female rugby body is disciplined. The women who partook in the research resisted disciplinary processes of femininity but at the analogous time were willing participants in disciplinary processes of competitive sport. The research focuses on the physicality on womens bodies in the game and the disciplines the players go through in effect to become a successful player. They and their bodies are shaped by multiple disciplinary processes. This is yet another example of how the players were drawn to rugby because of the physical temperament of the game. This is thus showing that women can be dependable as disciplined as men in the game and achieve success at an elect(ip) level. This investigation is a foundation to my research as it has shown the discipline close to women are prepared to go through to play a sport they are passionate about.In discussion about the development of womens sport Hargreaves (1994273) states the RFUW then known as WRFU developed the womens game from twelve founding members in 1983 to over 2,000 women compete each week in its first ten years. She mentions how women who play rough, physical sports requiring strength and speed express the sense of satisfaction and exhilaration they carry from participating (Hargreaves 1994273). Hargreaves discusses how women vie mens sports still face harsh criticism and ridicule which reflect a particularly Bri tish, class-based form of sexism (1994274). Hargreaves (1994) also talks of womens sports and the lack of documentation available to them a lot of teams have to pay the expenses themselves and are rejected from sponsors for being a female team. The Womens World Cup in 1991 in Wales failed to allure sponsors when the mens game was heavily fuelled with money. Hundreds of applications were made to a range of sponsors, including corporations which sponsor the mens game refusals were based on traditional ideas about masculine and feminine appropriateness but its a mens game and they dont drink lager (Hargreaves 1994204). Hargreaves also states that poor media coverage and financial support tend to mask the rapid increase in the poem of women participating in sports and reproduce the present system of privilege (1994204) this is linking directly with my study as it can lead to a path for my questioning of the participants in my study.A study which is highly important to my dissertatio n was conducted by Chu et al. (2003) which examined the experiences of New Zealands elect(ip) women rugby players which were based on reasoning for joining a rugby team and how they viewed womens rugby as a male dominated sport. The article shows how the players felt before joining the team, why they joint and also how they felt playing a sport which is strongly influenced and controlled by men the authors findings were offered to be used for administrators and those wishing to promote womens rugby which in my dissertation would be the RFUW this links in with what is available from the RFUW in terms of research. The outcomes from Chus (2003) research showed the prime reasons given by women for participation in sports traditionally considered as masculine, were the joy of participating in a sport requiring physical strength and speed as intimately as a love for the sport. The authors comment that all the participants were positive about being a black fern..but that they also had to make sacrifices for the game, particularly with respect to juggling work, family and elite lever sporting commitments. These last points raised questions about the amateur/ master copy reflect in terms of the black ferns being amateurs, but being expected to train and behave as professionals. This is a key issue within womens rugby which can raise many equality questions why do only the male teams get paid well for the same amateur level as the women? Are female players expected to juggle a full time career as well as committing to par push in a professional sport?Chu concludes from the interviews carried out that there was a mixture of frustration and acceptance among the women in relation to playing a predominantly male game several(prenominal) saw it as a challenge in terms of having to break down barriers with respect to what women can do in the wider context. They also felt that some women participating in non-traditional female sports become empowered and feel that this af fects women in society at large. This research although gained in New Zealand is important to my dissertation as it is an example and framework to my research. I am homing in on a specific group of players which are students not elite players but their thoughts and feelings towards the RFUW are significant as they are the governing body of rugby for women in England.Womens RugbyLeading on from the previous statement the Rugby Football matrimony for Women (RFUW) state the progression in womens rugby asthe England elite side continue to demonstrate their strength on a global scale and recent successes include winning the Nations Cup, four successive Six Nations triumphs and a runners up place at the 2006 World Cup. England will be looking to go one better at the 2010 World Cup which is to played on English soil for the first time in the tournaments 19 year history. Womens rugby as a sport has undoubtedly gone from strength to strength over recent years and participation is currently at an all time high, so whether you want to play for fun or be right up there challenging for honours, everyone is welcome to join in.This is from the welcoming cause page of their website which proudly shows how much the women involved have achieved since first playing in the 70s. It entices women and girls to play and shows just what females can achieve, but do they support their women throughout their rugby careers from school to adulthood? This is where my research will gain an insight into the experiences of support by the RFUW to young aspire and talented students playing at an amateur level.Research stuff by Fields (20088) explores the reasoning behind American females and why they play rugby she states women in the body politic find rugby a challenging game in which they can have fun. It is stated that, women play this sport because it is aggressive and most of the women surveyed say they have always been interested in fulfill sports The research also found that they p layed the sport because of its health benefits. Additionally there is becoming a theme around the reasonings why players get involved with the sport from other countries, In my dissertation I will examine how these countries fit in with the view of England students. This can raise many questions about the treatment of females playing male dominated sports worldwide Do we have a different culture of sport in England?Rugby is traditionally a male dominated sport but is it still in contemporary society today? Eitzen (200998) observes that sport in its organisation, procedures and operation serves to promote traditional gender roles thus belongings order. Sport advances male hegemony in practice and ideology by legitimating a certain dominant version of social globe. He states that from early childhood games to professional sports, the sports experience is gendered. Boys are expected to participate in sports, to be aggressive, to be physically tough, to take risks and to accept pain. T hus sport, especially aggressive physical contact sport is expected from boys and men but not for girls and women furthermore he concludes these expectations reproduce male domination in society. This is reflected in rugby as male players are seen to exert aggression and strength whereas female players are not seen to have the same abilities although they are playing the same sport. My dissertation is not want equality for women in terms of the game as both male and female games are on different levels but it is to investigate how female players feel about this gap in levels and how they are supported by the RFUW. Mangan (1981147) states Late Victorian bourgeois imperialist ideology associated sport and exercise with the muscular Christian gentlemen this is another example of the hegemony within society of the time, I wish to explore the society of this moment in time and compare with previous times.The Media InfluenceWhen accessing four different newspapers online to search for ar ticles on womens rugby I found suprising results. The Sun newspaper online (2009) first page of relevant results showed one 121 word article titled Austin Healey Woes. The Times newspaper online (2009) showed three relevant articles on the first page and The Daily Mail newspaper online (2009) had two relevant results. Most other articles in the search results were about rugby mens wives or other female sports news.Eitzen (2009) states women in sport are minimized (and men maximized) when womens activities are ignored. The mass media in the United States have tended to overlook womens sports. When they are reported, the stories, photographs and commentary tend to reinforce gender roles stereotypes. Womens sports are also ignored when cities and schools disproportionately spend enormous amounts on mens sports.Both todays sport and the media are classic outcomes and icons of the far-reaching social, economic and technological change that eccentric personised twentieth century Stead (2 003184). In addition Stead adds that both have developed extensively and rapidly as a major global industry (2003184). He expresses how the development of the internet extends further media activities. It being a global phenomenon loops everyone into a never ending source of news articles. He states that more recently there has been a growth in specialist media sports products (2003185). When researching into the influence of the media it has to be stated that there are many hidden messages behind what is broadcast and shown in newspapers. Stead states that research into the textual messages contained in the media sport output of various countries suggests the heavy influence of such ideological factors as capitalism, nationalism, patriarchy and racism. Each of these biases evident within the ownership and control of the increasingly dominant multinational media companies and and then the dominant values in a particular society (2003192). Another significant point raised by Stead ( 2003) was whether the medias representation of sport reflects reality or does it just reflect what the directors of that company feel? When commenting on the future of media sport Stead (2003197/8) states that the media set fashions but are also influenced by wider social change media commitment to sport and more particularly to certain sports or events can change, leaving an ever more dependant world of sport patriarchal to instability. Since the 1980s the value of sport to media companies and their investment in sport have grown dramatically he also raises the point that the media have furthermore influenced the character and development of sport, it should be noted that there is little evidence of resistance to co modification from sports bodies or athletes (Stead 2003198).An article by Mott (2002) entails an interview with Paula George one of the England elite female rugby players George comments on the missed opportunities of the female elite team. It would help if the Rugby F ootball Union would let them play a curtain-raiser international at Twickenham. So far they wont. Its silly, isnt it? said George. To have done it this year to raise awareness about the World Cup coming up in front of a good rugby crowd would have been awesome. Every time I see one of the England men or one of the boys coming out of the tunnel in their countrys shirt, I think we want to do that. We so want to do that. Its going to happen. Were not going away. It might as well happen now. This article is a real insight into the opinions of our elite team which is bring out the dreams and aspirations of the England elite team and how they will not back down until they have the same treatment as the male teams. This is a useful article to generate questions for my research participants.Whilst researching online I came across an advert for the Guildford college rugby team which share many common values of lots of womens rugby clubs, their statement online states through practices, soc ials, matches, fitness, fund-raising, and recruitment events, the team strives to promote an awareness of women in contact sports. The team hopes to prove and promote positive self-images and community building. Moreover, we recognize the historical and systematic oppression of women, people of colour, and queer people. By providing an inclusive and affirming space for individual growth of members of the above groups, the womens rugby team hopes to perpetually dismantle oppression and structural violence. This is suggesting a place for those who are otherwise alienated from parts of society this is furthermore highlighting the impact of sport upon individuals lives and also whole communities.The BBC is one of Englands highly trusted and representing broadcasters for the country on their website there were articles titled Womens rugby is one of the fastest-growing sports around. Its not just for boys and men anymore and there are more and more womens clubs all over the country thi s leads me to question why there is still a country of patriarchy and inequality in sport. Underneath the article is some advice for readers The Rugby Football Union for Women is responsible for getting more girls playing and learning about rugby. They will be able to give you all the information you need about getting started, and put you in touch with your nearest club. If you want to take your rugby seriously, Player Development Academies across the country hold open trials every summer. You can find out more by logging onto RFUW website. This is an elicit piece to revert back to once conducting my research as it shows that womens rugby is being promoted by some media parties. Is this filtering down to the ammeter players? will be a question I shall keep in mind.From personal research I am aware that there is a 115 minute promotional scene on Youtube a world wide online video broadcasting website for the Womens Rugby World Cup 2010. This was added one month ago at the time of written material this research, when searching for the mens world cup which is being held in 2011 there is a 247 minute video which was added three weeks ago. This is just an example of how different the promotional side of the different gendered games is To make it more acceptable within society for women to play what was traditionally a male dominated sport it take to be out there in the public eye.SummaryResearch which has been conducted in various countries and the research is also dated somewhat. There is little about Englands young female players views on how they feel playing a traditionally male dominated sport their thoughts, feelings and experiences whilst playing the game and how todays contemporary society treats them accordingly. There is a clear gap in research and that it will benefit many organisations such like the RFUW and also will help young aspiring female rugby players to continue their successes and not let stigma get in the way of their goals.