A Journey into the Soul in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness e

A Journey into the Soul in Heart of Darkness A picture is an abstract idea, brought into context to form something concrete. They are made up and created to give off some sort of feeling or mood, that one can relate too. The atmosphere helps determine what kind of mood the picture will take. Any author, of either a painting or piece of literature will set the mood by using their atmosphere to enhance the theme of their creation. In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad uses mood and atmosphere to help create a portrait called, the journey into the soul. The journey to the soul is to find one's self. Atmosphere pervades the mood or spirit. The atmosphere aids in revealing the journey to find one's soul. The setting, "took in the forest, the creek, the mud, the river-seemed to beckon with a dishonoring flourish before the sunlit face of land a treacherous appeal to the lurking death, to the hidden evil, to the profound darkness of its heart." Conrad 54 Conrad does not even mention their exact location which is very peculiar. The main river was described in the form a snake. A snake can be looked at from many points of views, mythological, biblical, literal and metaphorically. The snake represents all the twists and turns and being able to find one's inner-self is very difficult and twisted. The snake represents some of the animal imagery in the novel. Perhaps this is a sign that the jungle is something living and not just an ordinary jungle. Literature's imagery helps to show the main idea th... ...sh off against the state of the reader. While reading the novel I was able to reflect on my own journey to the soul. Any reader can reflect and realize the inevitable. The journey is not a pleasant one, it is a very difficult task, where evil lurks in the smallest of places. These places could be anywhere including the soul and the soul is one of man's most unique qualities. It determines who we are and how we treat everyone surrounding our presence. In this universe people live and die but a soul is immortal and will undertake an eternity. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph.Heart of Darkness.Bantam Books:New York,1981. Resources for the Study of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.1998. Simon & Schuster.Webster's New World Dictionary.Macmillian:New York,1996.

Female Representation on the Board of Directors :: womens studies, business

Hillman, Shropshire and Cannella (2007) seeks to answer the question of why do some organizations have women on their board of directors while others do not? This review will seek to identify the objective of the study; basic assumptions and theories deployed; identify the hypothesis and research methodologies used in testing the assumptions, and discuss the results before reaching a conclusion. The research question is appropriate because it focused on the characteristics organisations have that are likely pointers to the level of female representation on its board. Previous research looked at female representations based on work group level (e.g Cox & Nkomo, 1991; Milliken & Martins, 1996) or on an individual level. In addition, despite the several agitations and literatures that show the accrued benefits of having more women on board( e.g Blackman, 2004; Browder, 1995; Gasparino &Boyce, 1998), recent statistics shows that men still hold a greater number of seats on boards of US firms. Schnake et al (2006:31). What could be the reason for this? What are the common attributes/characteristics of these organisations where there are women on their boards? These were referred to as organisational predictors. According to Hillman et al, focusing on organizational characteristics that are predictive of women on corporate boards allows us to systematically explore under what conditions a firm’s board is more likely to include female directors (2007:941). This represents the underlying objective of this study. In achieving this, references were made to existing theory and hypotheses were developed and tested. The resource dependence theory was used as the theoretical framework in the search to answers for these questions. It examines the interdependence between organizations and entities in their external environment. Pfeffer, Pfeffer & Salancik, cited in Hillman et al (2007:942). The Resource dependence theory is also, hinged on the fact that no organisation can succeed without the derived benefits they get from external entities. This remains a crucial factor in board recruitment and female board members can provide such benefits to their organisations. The article is based on deductive research, which entails testing of hypotheses derived from existing theories and concept (Gummesson as cited in University of Leicester 2008:187). The hypotheses tested were as follows 1. Organisational size is positively associated with female representation on a board of directors 2. Firms in industries with greater female employment bases are positively associated with female representation on boards of directors 3. A firm’s level of diversification is positively associated with female representation on its board of directors

Reading is Important

At the same time, technology like pods and cell phones may distract potential readers from books. Caleb Grain's and Stephen Kings arguments were both professional and compelling for the readers which Grain talks about how a decline in reading might be affecting the culture by providing statistics and evidence to back up his assertion; conversely, Kings argument was more entertainment and descriptive by including the Harry Potter series into his article, and at the same time, reassuring that the kids are alright.Exemplification is the essential key that Grain used to convince his audience that a decline in reading might be affecting the culture; his several examples were given in each of his paragraphs which make his point more clearly and logical to the readers. Grain writes, â€Å"In 1970, according to Editor & Publisher International Year Book, there were 62. 1 million weekday newspapers in circulation? about 0. 3 papers per person. Since 1990, circulation has declined steadily, a nd in 2006 there were Just 52. 3 million weekday papers?about 0. 7 per person†¦ † (308). Indeed, facts and comparisons about how reading is on decline in our contemporary ultra, and how it used to be back in the day was the main point in his article, not only in this paragraph. The author relied on testimony that would make a large percentage of people realize the effect of ignorance and how books are falling down because they aren't interactive enough. In his first example, he says, â€Å"In the fourth millennium B. C. E, the Sumerians developed cuneiform and the Egyptians hieroglyphs†¦ Traders had to recognize hundreds of symbols†¦ † (311). Likewise, this paragraph gives examples of how people used to read hundreds of symbols to get informed and educated, but on the contrary, nowadays, fewer children and adults are reading. By emphasizing exemplification, Grain uses results and statistics to convince his readers to support his specific opinion. He combi nes statistics with other kinds of evidence when he states a statistic, and then he gives an example reinforcing the number.Statistics can always be powerful evidence and command the attention of the audience. Grain warned, â€Å"During the next two decades, reading continued to fall and television watching to rise, though more slowly. By 1995, adding which had occupied twenty-one per cent of people's spare time in 1995, accounted for Just nine per cent†¦ † (309). According to these statistics, reading for pleasure is continuing to decline, and people's leisure time will be eroded by television, computer games, and internet activities.Equally important, Grain also depended on results to convince and encourages his readers to take the passion and enjoy reading with using the comparisons between the non-readers and readers. Grain says, â€Å"The N. E. A reports that readers are more likely than non-readers to play sports, exercise, and visit art museums†¦ (318). Whic h would give the readers the motivation to read more efficiently. Stephen king looked critically into J. K. Railings â€Å"Ministry of Magic,† which is a fascinating book for children, who became focused on reading the Harry Porter's story.King, however, presented his view that Railings book was not perfect since most of the sections in it were too long in the narrations. On the other hand, King uses entertainment as a rhetorical strategy to explain the lifestyle of Harry Potter, which creates a sense of rich and elegant content whereby the reader gets to concentrate more. King writes, â€Å"And sometimes she falls prey to the Robinson Crusoe syndrome. In Crusoe, whenever the marooned hero requires something, he ventures out to his ship-which has conveniently run aground on the reef surrounding his desert island†¦ † (324).Entertainment as a rhetorical strategy plays a vital role in ensuring the reader is not bored. King uses creative spells like the Cruse's ship t hat brings out an astonishing level of fantasy. Entertainment sets a scenario whereby the reader opens up to think critically while analyzing and evaluating the purpose of the story. Entertainment ensures that the reader becomes vitiated by the story; hence it increases the level of concentration and interest in reading the story. Description is another crucial aspect of rhetorical strategy used to create vivid images in the minds of readers.King has used subjective description to keep the readers intense, since he emphasizes on the reader's feelings. The author writes, â€Å"One day in my hometown of Bangor, I was walking up the street and observed a dirty-face boy of about 3 with scabbed knees and a look of extreme concentration on his face†¦ † (322). He uses words that give a description, which illustrates a picture in the reader's view. Also, King describes how Harry and his friends get into a tight corner and create a new spell, turning into a slide, thus making a c hild react gleefully.He used this strategy to capture the attention of his readers. Critically speaking, King did not succeed in compelling and convincing other people that Railings book was long. King himself comes to acknowledge that Roiling is a talented author that had an amusing story to tell and conveys her ideas without talking down. Further on, King compliments Roiling for setting standards which today's writers cannot achieve as easily as she can. Society's seeming disinterest in books and literature projects negative impacts on not only education and literacy, but on the general future as well.Inspiring people to read stories and articles about movies will increase literacy and would re-establish reading for pleasure in society once again and would lead the path to reading being the main medium for information and knowledge. In addition, non-readers lack the analytical and comprehensive skills of fluent readers, whereas the latter will most probably have built themselves a stronger vocabulary, impressive communication skills, and a rater knowledge of literature and composition.Reading is an integral part of culture, and human literacy is what primarily set us apart. It is crucial that it be re- introduced so that generations to come will be able to benefit from reading. In fact, school is the primary source of education that comes after parents' duty. Nowadays, many parents ignore and neglect their children in many different aspects, focusing on their Jobs and businesses, and they forget about their children, whom they depend on schools to teach them everything, starting with education and ending with social life.

Poetry †Pablo Neruda Essay

1. The speaker in this poem is the persona, because first person is used (â€Å"I†). 2. The character of the speaker changes from the beginning of the poem to the end. At the beginning the character is unsure in his words and actions, can’t find an answer to his questions: â€Å"I don’t know, I don’t know where it came from, from winter or a river. I don’t know how or when†, â€Å"I did not know what to say†. The character has also lost his identity: â€Å"there I was without a face†, â€Å"my eyes were blind†. By the end of the poem, the speaker ‘finds himself’ as part of something, part of the â€Å"void†, â€Å"mystery†, â€Å"part of the abyss†. He finds himself going with the flow, wheeling â€Å"with the stars†, â€Å"my heart broke loose on the wind†. 3. a) The kind of images used most often after the line, â€Å"and suddenly I saw† in stanza two are connected with the nature and its flow: â€Å"palpitating plantations†, â€Å"shadow perforated†. They are also connected with how the world opens for the speaker: â€Å"the heavens unfastened and open†. b) This imagery contributes to our understanding of the speaker’s thoughts and feelings when he first encounters poetry, because the reference to nature helps the reader to understand the idea of the poem. Nature is something everybody understands regardless of nation or education. 4. The speaker’s first lines of poetry could be â€Å"pure nonsense, / pure wisdom†. They could be nonsense because he is not guided by his thoughts, but the poetry simply flows in him and he writes it. The lines can be wisdom as well because of the way the poet receives his ideas and puts them into words.

Operation Essay

Southern Fire-fighters, New Zealand Railways, Speights Brewery, Otago Hospital Board, and Cadburys. They limited membership to employees and their families in each case. In 1986, due to growth, the (renamed) Fletcher Challenge Employees (Otago) and the Southern Fire-fighters Credit Unions co-operated in the sharing of office facilities. They purchased a site on a main thoroughfare in Dunedin, just down from the central business district, and erected a modern single story office with street frontage, and provided service to members on a full time basis. Methods for financial transactions varied from manual to different types of computer operated systems. The mid to late 1980s saw great change in the New Zealand economy and society, with the introduction of (new right) `Rogernomics’ policies. The Labour Government deregulated the financial services sector, resulting in the entrance and proliferation of foreign owned banks, and other types of financial service providers, and conversion of building societies to banks, many of them seeking a share of the basic business of credit union, viz personal loans, with a consequential significant increase in competition. However, the banks introduction of sophisticated technological services, in the shape of ATM, and Eftpos, made rural banking relatively expensive, resulting in branch closures. In addition the then Labour Government sold the old Postbank to the ANZ bank. Unemployment increased significantly in the country, and compounded the rural problem, as organisations downsized in a massive way, particularly in the public sector. Questions for Discussion 1. Suggest a possible strategy(s) for the survival of the credit unions in Otago. Phase Two: (1987-95) Otago, in order to take advantage of economies of scale, and thus compete more favourably in the market place. The industrial credit unions had flourished over the period, but the directors realised that their individual sites once saturated, provided little potential for membership growth, particularly in the face of major downsizing. At this point the Railways and Speights credit unions had merged with Fletcher Challenge Employees Each credit union received sufficient support from their respective memberships for amalgamation. The regulator for the credit union industry, the Registrar for Friendly Societies and Credit Unions (Registrar), approved the merger, such that the newly named Credit Union Otago (CUO) opened for business in November 1987 at its Dunedin premises, and functioned with four full time professional staff working a fiveday week. Becoming a community based credit union meant opening up membership to anyone resident in Otago, which has a population of about one hundred and forty thousand. As the first region in New Zealand to undergo this process, Otago provided the model for others to follow.

End of Life & Dementia Care Essay

1.1 Dementia is a progressive disease where an individual’s brain functions deteriorate and affects their mental capabilities. This disease is incurable which is similar to another terminal illness such as cancer. Symptoms of dementia will affect an individual’s memory leading to loss and confusing, language/ communication, understanding and judgement. Medication can be prescribed to help slow down the progression of symptoms. Within the more advanced stages the individual will commonly suffer from incontinence, limited mobility and limited communication usually the individual will not be able to use sentences just limited words. Other symptoms that worsen similar to those with a terminal illness are: aspiration, difficulty with breathing, pressure sores from lack of mobility, unrecognisable symptoms of pain (may not be able to communicate) this could lead to the individual not being treated for pain. 1.2 The end of life experience may differentiate between those who have to dementia to those who individuals without. An individual may lack understanding surrounding the diagnosis being made, they may have had symptoms for a longer period of time before a diagnosis had been made. This can lead to confusion as to why they are having symptoms and the way they are feeling. An individual’s communication may be limited, so they may not be able to express their feelings, changes in symptoms and pain. This can lead to depression/ anxiety which impacts on the individual’s behaviour I.e. verbally aggressive, changes in appetite. Lack of communication regarding pain could impact on the quality of care and medical treatment, as care givers are the primary source of recognising an individual’s pain through sounds rather than speech and non verbal communication. Whereas someone who doesn’t have dementia may be able understand a diagnosis and engage fully on how this c an affect their health through an illness progressing. 1.3 Person centred care has come under Health and social care act which states â€Å"that people should make choices about their lives and they should be at the centre of all planning†. Is it important having the person at the centre of all care throughout the time of caring for someone and when end of  life is approaching. The care provided to an individual within this should be based around their choices, beliefs, values and decisions which may have been made in advance. Working as a carer these should be respected. For example knowing the individual’s likes/ dislikes surrounding food, drinks, clothing, to have permission to give medication when the individual is unable to verbally consent. 1.4 In the earlier stages of dementia it is important that the carer works alongside and includes the individual and their family to make plans to reflect the individual’s wishes to be cared for at the end of life, before the dementia progresses and leaves the individual unable to communicate their wishes. Otherwise an appointed person would need to make decisions for the individual which could leave them feel distressed and unhappy. Planning and assessing allows time to plan for the care over the few days of life including after death. These advanced care plans reflect the individual’s values, beliefs and choices I.e. lifestyle, finances, medication, DNAR’s, funeral plans, after death care, appointed person for as/when the individual lacks capacity under the Mental health act to make â€Å"best interest† decisions on their behalf. 2.1 Pain in individuals with dementia is poorly recognised and undertreated can be due to lack of communication. This is dependent on what stage the individual is at within their dementia and how well the care givers know the individual. Some people maybe able to verbally communicate to carers if they are in pain by using single words and using non verbal methods I.e. pointing to what hurts but as this diseases progresses the individual’s ability to express themselves will worsen. If pain is going unrecognised, then there would be no medical intervention, which could cause more pain and will impact on the individual’s health and behaviours. 2.2 In the earlier stages individual’s may be able to express pain through verbal and non verbal communication, together the carer could recognise that they are in pain and a rough area of where this is coming from. This will enable carers to be able to provide medical intervention if needed I.e. Administering PRN paracetamol or seeking medical attention from a nurse/doctor when required. Care givers should use clear questions when speaking to someone with dementia as it may take them a little longer to process what is being asked. As the dementia progresses the individual could be unable to communicate, but they may be able to express pain through noise I.e. screams, but these could be easily misinterpreted by care providers as a â€Å"normal† behaviour if these are regular occurrences. 2.3 When pain has been recognised by care providers, communication with the individual is important where possible dependant of their ability to be verbal and how much capacity the individual has to understand their pain. Care givers will continuously monitor and observe the individual for changes in needs and record these within the daily care notes within the care plan. Dependant on the type of pain will depend on what medical intervention will be best for the individual through advice from other health professionals. Health professionals offer support to care providers to work as a multi-disciplinary team to promote the well-being of the individual to observe, monitor symptoms as well as the care staff. Care staff can give over the counter medications as per care plan, or the doctor/ nurses can prescribe stronger pain relief and controlled drugs. As end of life gets nearer palliative nurse would be visiting to monitor the individual and advise staff on how best to care for the individual and what symptoms to look for in the last few days of life I.e. changes in skin colour, increase of secretions. Medications maybe increased I.e. syringe drivers, which will help ease the pain and to make the individual more comfortable. Advice from colleagues and other health professionals will support care givers about non medicated techniques, these can be how best to position the individual, how often they should be repositioned to prevent pressure sores, skin care – keep the skin clear of sores, trying to keep the mouth clean as there would be increased secretions from the mouth, advice on fluid intake, methods how to try and encourage fluid intake i.e. spooning drinks, changes in food I.e soft. The individual should have an advanced care plan which care givers would be using to meet the individuals needs and wishes for example if they have a DNAR in place, then CPR would not be given. 3.1 Carers may feel guilt and stress and the end of life of an individual with dementia because they may have felt negative emotions towards the individual throughout the stages of dementia. At diagnosis the carer may not have accepted the diagnosis and treated the individual normally which could have caused frustration between the individual/ carer or they could have been in denial of the diagnosis and treated the individual â€Å"normally†, so the needs of the individual may not have been met fully. This could of impacted on the behaviour of the individual to become agitated or withdrawn if they feel they are a burden. The carer may not fully understand the symptoms of dementia especially challenging behaviour I.e. shouting out/ aggression. The carer may have felt negative emotions such as embarrassment and may have lost their temper or felt like hurting the individual and they are frustrated with the constant needs of support the individual has. When dementia has progressed and the carer may have been stressed from taking on the responsibility of caring if they have not had regular breaks. But on the other hand the carer may feel guilty for taking breaks and leaving them for other services to look after them. The carer may have had to make difficult decisions regarding accommodation for the individual such as going into residential care as they feel they can no longer cope with the responsibility of looking after them. After death the carer may feel they have let the individual down and not cared for them well enough based on their own expectations of themselves, they may also regret certain decis ions I.e. residential care. 3.2 Carers can be supported by other professionals to understand how the end of life process may differ for individuals with dementia. Any health professional involved with the individual’s care can provide support and advice I.e. GP’s, nurses, palliative nurses and social workers. They can also suggest informative services offered to carers as support where they can go and discuss the process with trained professionals and other carers. Communication between family, carers, health professionals is vital with end of life care as this can provide reassurance that the individual is being cared for is comfortable as possible, also to keep informed of any changes in the individual’s health I.e. refusal/ lack of ability to drink. A family  member may have been chosen to be the individual’s power of attorney in the advanced care plan once capacity has been lost. This would have been documented under the Mental Health Act. This chosen person would need to be involved in decisions alongside doctors. All the people involved with the care of the individual will support each other, answer any questions, and work alongside any advanced plans which should have been put in place. As towards end of life the individual won’t be able to make their own decisions so someone else will have to do this in the best interest of the individual. 3.3 Anyone supporting an individual with dementia will feel loss and grief at the end of his or her life. Some people may experience loss and grief at the time of diagnosis or once the dementia has progressed further as there will be a lack of recognition between family and the individual as they may feel the dementia has taken over. People may feel all different kinds of emotions through loss and grief. Some may have accepted the diagnosis/ changes of the individual and feel sadness. Others may find this a relief that the individual has passed and no longer having to carry on with progressing symptoms causing them pain and a poor quality of life. 3.4 Carers can have support from health professionals to make decisions and some of these decisions have to be made with health professionals, for example for a Do Not Attempt Resuscitation decision has to be made by a GP has to sign this document off in order to meet their best interests. Other decisions may need to be made if an advanced plan hasn’t been made such as where the individual will reside at home or within a residential placement. 3.5 At the final stages of end of life it is important to have good communication between all relevant parties (carers, family and colleagues). This is important so relatives are kept informed about how the individual’s health is, any changes in medications as towards end of life as it is common to be prescribed a higher dosage of pain relief I.e. morphine syringe drivers, as changes as in the final stages changes can happen quickly. Relatives may also want to know about the individual’s health as they may want to visit to say their last words or even be present at the time of death. Good communication is also important between carers as in  residential placements there will be staff change overs which they will need to know the individuals health state, information about medication, to read end of life care plans, if anyone relatives need calling, any other info I.e. visits from nurses/ GP’s.

Impact of Organised Retail Chains on Unorganised Retail Sector

â€Å"A COMPARITIVE STUDY ON PREFERENCE OF SOFT DRINKS IN YOUTH REPORT Submitted to: Submitted by: DR. RAJKUMARCHIRAG GUPTA Roll no. 5382 MBA 5. 4 MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [pic] INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH MDU,ROHTAK 2010-2011 DECLARATION I Chirag Gupta, student of 5 year M. B. A 4th semester of Institute of Management Studies and Research hereby declare that the project report titled â€Å"Preference of soft drink in youth† is a code of critical & independent work carried out by me under supervision & guidance of Dr.Raj Kumar. This has not been previously submitted for the award of any other diploma, degree or other similar degree. The feasibility suggestion has been duly incorporated in the consultation with the supervisor. Signature of the Candidate EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Soft Drinks were common preference among all the individuals, irrespective of their age groups as it had great brand value and great advertisement.Market Research is based on some und erlying parameters like: †¢ Changing consumption pattern †¢ Advertisements †¢ Taste †¢ Status consciousness †¢ Varying lifestyle The study starts with determining the major players in the soft drinks, their overall consumption pattern among the people and ends up with the conclusion as per the state of mind of the average rational human being.Consumer preferences are changing towards healthier food, and thus such a trend will carry on for some time to come. In the soft drinks market of late, most recent new products launched have been focused on the health benefits of the soft drinks, like pomegranate juices, calcium-fortified bottled water and a series of reduced-sugar alternatives, with such features not previously so readily available to or heavily promoted at the target audience.TABLE OF CONTENTS SERIAL NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1) INTRODUCTION 1) Industrial profile 01 2) Major players in soft drinks segment 04 3) Study of growth of soft drink market 09 2) RE SEARCH METHODOLOGY ) Purpose of the study 10 2) Objectives of the study 10 3) Scope of the study 10 4) Research Design 11 5) Sampling Technique used 12 6) Selection of Sample Size 12 7) Sources of Data collection 12 8) Statistical Tools Used 12 3) DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 13 ) LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 24 5) CONCLUSION 25 6) ANNEXURE 6. 1) Questionnaire 26 7) BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL PROFILE The soft-drink industry comprises companies that manufacture nonalcoholic beverages and carbonated mineral waters or concentrates and syrups for the manufacture of carbonated beverages.Naturally occurring bubbling or sparkling mineral waters have been popular for thousands of years: the ancient Greeks believed that such waters had medicinal properties and bathed in them regularly; the Romans established resorts around mineral springs throughout Europe. In the 1500s the village of Spa in Belgium became famous for its waters, which by the early 1600s were sold, in bottles, as far away as London, Eng. Development of the first man-made sparkling or carbonated water is credited to Joseph Priestley, the British scientist who discovered oxygen.In 1772 he invented a method of â€Å"pushing† carbon dioxide into water by dissolving it under pressure, thus creating fairly long-lasting bubbles. The technique led to development of the soft-drink industry. By the beginning of the 19th century, carbonated water was being made commercially in France and North America; shortly thereafter, flavours (normally fruit concentrates) were added to enliven the taste. In the 1820s, small carbonated bottling operations were established in Canada, producing carbonated drinks in refillable bottles which were merchandised as medicinal elixirs or tonics.Most soft drinks are still carbonated to give drinks a â€Å"tangy bite† and to stimulate the tongue. Furthermore, because scent is an important part of taste, the flavours carried as vapours in the bubbles enhance taste. T he principle of â€Å"pushing† carbon dioxide is still used, but now the water is first purified in a process known as â€Å"polishing. † Cooled carbon dioxide is then injected at pressures of 275-550 kilopascals. Some of the early drinks bottled in Canada were called Birch Beer, Ginger Beer, Sarsaparilla, Sour Lemon, None-Such Soda Water and Cream Soda.The first carbonated beverage or â€Å"pop† bottles were sealed with corks held tightly in place with a wire binding. Because they had to be stored neck down so that the cork would not dry and allow the carbonation to leak away, they were manufactured with rounded bottoms. By the mid-1800s, soft drinks sold in Canada were packaged in 8-ounce (227. 2 ml) round-bottom bottles for about 25 cents a dozen, except ginger beer, which was sold in draught form from wooden kegs. Wired cork closures were used until about 1884 with Codd's Patented Globe Stoppers (25 types in all). Such closures were replaced by the Hutcheson Spring Stopper.The crown cap was introduced around 1905 and improved versions are still widely used, although they are gradually being replaced, especially on larger containers, with reclosable screw caps. Other packaging innovations since the mid-1960s include canned carbonated beverages, nonreturnable glass bottles and containers made from rigid plastics. However, an effort is being made, often through provincial legislation, to increase the use of returnable glass containers. In the industry's early years the number of carbonated-beverage plants increased steadily, most serving small regional markets.In 1929 the industry was made up of 345 production plants and the value of shipments reached $12. 3 million. By 1960 the number of plants had increased to 502 and the value of sales to $172. 7 million. Subsequently, consolidation began, prompted by improved production, packaging and distribution facilities. By 1973, 337 plants were in production and the value of shipments was $484 m illion. In 1985, with sales of about $1. 8 billion, the industry had 187 plants in production: Newfoundland had 3; PEI, 1; Nova Scotia, 7; New Brunswick, 8; Quebec, 66; Ontario, 58; Manitoba, 7; Saskatchewan, 10; Alberta, 13; and BC, 14.Production volume has also increased dramatically: in 1939, soft-drink bottlers produced about 162 million litres of carbonated beverages; by 1967, production passed 758 million litres; in 1986, shipments were estimated at over 2. 1 billion litres; and in 1998 that figure rose to 3. 5 billion litres. The industry is regulated by both federal and provincial agencies, 3 of the most important being CONSUMER AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS (responsible for the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act), HEALTH CANADA (which administers the Food and Drugs Act) and Environment Canada (which focuses on environmental matters).The industry is represented by the Canadian Soft Drink Association in Toronto and by several provincial associations. The introduction of diet carbon ated beverages has changed the industry's profile. Several years ago, in response to increasing consumer diet consciousness, the industry introduced the first successful sugar-free diet drinks using the artificial sweetener cyclamate. But questions were raised about the safety of this additive and, based on existing scientific data, Health Canada banned its use in Canadian commercial FOODS AND BEVERAGES.This decision, estimated to have cost the industry more than $15 million, was a setback to diet-drink development. The industry turned to saccharin, but this too was eventually banned. Now, a new sugar-free additive, aspartame, has been approved for use in diet soft drinks, and the cyclamate/saccharin situation is not expected to recur because aspartame consists of amino acids, which occur naturally. Aspartame-sweetened diet drinks have had a dramatic effect on the Canadian carbonated-beverage industry.Just before the saccharin ban in 1977, diet drinks accounted for about 10% of the soft-drink market; following the ban the diet share dropped to about 2%, consisting of beverages partially sweetened with small amounts of sugar. In 1982, the first full year that aspartame was used in Canada, diet drinks increased by 15. 2% of total soft-drink sales, while the total soft-drink industry grew 8%. In 1987 total soft-drink sales increased 5. 3% over 1986, while diet soft-drink sales increased by 10. 7%. This single development has encouraged strong growth in the industry.MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOFT DRINKS SEGMENT COCA COLA [pic] â€Å"thanda matlab coca cola!!! † Coca cola has truly remarkable heritage. From a humble beginning in 1886 it has now become the flagship brand of largest manufacturer, distributor of non alcoholic beverages in the world. In India, coca cola was the leading soft drink till 1977 when govt. policies necessitated its departure. Coca cola has made its return to the country in 1993. and made significant investment to ensure that the beverage is av ailable to more and more people in remote as well as inaccessible parts of the world.Coca cola returned to India in 1993 and over the past ten years has captured the imagination of the nation, building strong association with cricket, the thriving cinema industry, music etc. coca cola has been very strongly associated with cricket, sponsoring the world cup in 1996. In 2002, coca cola launched the campaign,†Thanda Matlab coca cola†. in 2003,coke was available for just rs,5 crores in the country. FANTA GHOONTH BHAR SHARARAT KAR LEY!!! [pic] Fanta entered the Indian market in year 1996 under the coca cola brand . ver the years, Fanta has occupied a strong market place and is identified as â€Å"the fun catalyst†. Fanta stands for its vibrant color, tempting taste and tingling bubbles that not just uplifts feelings but also helps free spirit thus encouraging one to indulge in the moment. LIMCA â€Å" LIME AND LEMONI!!! [pic] Drink that can cast a tangy refreshing spe ll on anyone, anywhere. Born in 1971, Limca has been the original thirst choice, of millions of consumers for over three decades. The brand has been displaying healthy volume growing year on year and limca continues to be leading flavoring soft drinks in the country.Dive into the zingy refreshment of limca and walk away a new person. THUMS UP TASTE THE THUNDER!!! [pic] Strong cola taste, exciting personality. Thums up is a leading carbonated soft drink and most trusted brand in India. Originally introduced in 1977, thums up was acquired by the coca cola company in 1993. Thums up, is, known for strong, fizzy taste and its confident, mature and uniquely masculine attitude. This brand clearly seeks to separate the man from the boys. SPRITE â€Å"SPIRITE BHUJAYE PYAAS BAKI SAB BAKWAAS!!! [pic] World wide sprite ranked as no. soft drink and is sold in more than 190 countries In India, sprite was launched in year 1999 and today it has grown to be one of the fastest growing soft drinks, l eading clear lime category. Today sprite is perceived as a youth icon. With strong appeal to youth sprite has stood for a straight forward and honest attitude. Its clear crisp hingtaste encourages today’s youth to trust their instincts, influence them to be true who they are and to obey their thirst. MAAZA YAARI DOSTI TAAZA MAAZA!!! [pic] Maaza was launched in 1976. In 1993, maaza was acquired by coca cola India. Maaza currently dominates the fruit drink category.Over the years, maaza has become synonymous with mango. â€Å"Taaza Mango, Maaza mango, Botal mei aam, maaza hai naam†. consumers regard maaza as wholesome, natural, fun loving drink real experience of fruit. The campaign builds on the existing equity of the brand and delivers a relevant emotional benefit to the moms rightly captured in tagline, â€Å"yaari dosti, and taaza maaza†. PEPSI YEH DIL MAANGE MORE!!! [pic] Pepsi cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by Pepsi co. It is sold in stores, restaurants and from vending machines. The drink was first made in the 1890’s in North Carolina.The brand was trademarked on June 16, 1903. There have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years. †¢ Diet Pepsi †¢ Crystal Pepsi †¢ Pepsi twist †¢ Pepsi max †¢ Pepsi samba †¢ Pepsi blue †¢ Pepsi gold †¢ Pepsi holiday spice †¢ Pepsi jazz †¢ Pepsi x(available in Finland & brazil) †¢ Pepsi next(available in Japan & south Korea) STUDY OF GROWTH OF SOFT DRINK MARKET SOFT DRINKS Carbonated drinks are dominated by artificial flavors based on cola, orange and lime with Pepsi and coca-cola dominating the market. The entire part of the drink is based on its artificial flavors and sweetening agents as no natural juice is used.MARKET †¢ Cola products account for nearly 61-62% of the total soft drinks market. †¢ Two global majors’ Pepsi and coke dominate the soft drink market. †¢ NCAER survey sa ys 91% of soft drink in the country is in the lower, lower middle and upper middle class people. †¢ The market is worth around Rs. 5000 crores with growth rate of around 10-15%. †¢ The annual per capita consumption in India is only about 6 bottles vis- a- Vis 340 bottles in the U. S. †¢ The production as soft drinks has increased from 5670 million bottles in 1998-99 to 6230 million bottles in 1999-2000 industry source. Growth market this year is expected to be 10-15% in value terms and 20-22% in volume terms. However, the market for carbonated drinks is stagnating and not growing as expected. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The main aim of this research study is to analyze the preference of youth on consumption patterns and preference of Soft Drinks. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY †¢ To study the preferences of the youth for soft drinks. †¢ To find out the factor(s) that influences the consumer’s consumption of soft drinks. †¢ To test the know- how of the consumers regarding the various existing brands of soft drinks. To know the size of the soft drink purchase for personal and household purpose. †¢ To know the frequency of consumption of soft drink. SCOPE OF THE STUDY †¢ This study is confined MDU campus Rohtak. †¢ Seasonal drinks are not considered in the study. †¢ We are considering only canned and bottled drinks. †¢ We are not considering health & alcoholic drinks. RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is a framework or blueprint for conducting the marketing research project. It specifies the details of the procedures necessary for obtaining the information needed to structure and/or solve marketing research problem.On the basis of fundamental objectives of the research we can classify research design into two general types: 1) EXPLORATORY RESEARCH 2) CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH Exploratory research is one type of research design, which has its primary objective the provision of insights into, and comprehe nsion of, the problem situation confronting the researcher. Conclusive research is designed to assist the decision maker in determining evaluating and selecting the best course of action to take in a given situation. Conclusive research can be further divided into two types:- †¢ Descriptive †¢ ExperimentalThe research design used in this project is a DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN. Descriptive study as the name implies is designed to describe something-for example the characteristics of users of a given product, the degree to which the product use varies with income, age, etc. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE USED: This research has used convenience sampling technique. 1) Convenience sampling technique: Convenience sampling is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected because they are convenient.SELECTION OF SAMPLE SIZE: For the study, a sample size of 60 has been taken into consi deration. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION: Research will be based on two sources: 1. Primary data 2. Secondary data 1) PRIMARY DATA: Questionnaire: Primary data was collected by preparing questionnaire and the people were randomly being requested to fill them. 2) SECONDARY DATA: Secondary data will consist of different literatures like books which are published, articles, internet and websites. In order to reach relevant conclusion, research work needed to be designed in a proper way.STATISTICAL TOOLS USED The main statistical tools used for the collection and analyses of data in this project are: †¢ Questionnaire †¢ Bar Diagrams DATA ANALYSIS & FINDINGS |Statistics | | | |Statistics | | | | | | | | | | |Statistics | | | |Who decide the |Do you read | | | |selection of soft |instruction written | | | |drink for household? on the packaging of | | | | |soft drink? | |N |Valid |60 |60 | | |Missing |0 |0 | | |Mean |2. 8167 |1. 6167 | | |Median |3. 0000 |2. 0000 | | |Mode |3. 0 0 |2. 0 | | |Variance |. 356 |. 240 | | | | | |Do you like soft drink? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [pic] LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY LIMITATION OF THE STUDY ? The study was confined to University Campus MDU Rohtak only. ? Chances of some biasness could not be eliminated. ? Youth are assumed to be between the age 15 to 25 ? Time was the major constrain. Only limited sample size (60) was possible for such a vast research on such a period of time . i. e. one month ? Interaction with the respondents was also limited due to their busy work. Due to the changing life style and preferences, it was not necessary that they will consume same soft drink every time. ? There was a chance that respondent will make assumptions while filling the questionnaire. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Following are the concluding points taken into consideration after the conduct of the research study: ? An important finding that emerged out of the survey was that 91%of youth like to have soft dri nks while 9% not like. ? Through the research it was conveyed that weekly consumption of soft drinks is more than daily consumption. ? Most of the respondents took soft drink without any reason. ? Remaining majority of the respondents consume soft drinks at the time of parties & celebrations. Most of the respondents consume soft drinks because of its taste. ? Most of the respondents were of the neutral view that advertisements affect their purchases. ? Most of the respondent likes Dew. ? Most of them consume 300ml pack for personal usage. ? Packaging doesn’t influence the purchase of most of the respondents. ? Most of them don’t read instruction written on the package of soft drink. ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE Respected Sir/Madam A Research Project is being pursued in IMSAR on â€Å"Preference of soft drink in youth†. Kindly extend your cooperation & enable us doing the project successfully. This information is used for academic purpose. PERSONAL DETAILS Name  œ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Age – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Gender – ? Male ? Female Qualification – ? Graduate ? Under Graduate ? Post Graduate ? Other (Specify) 1) Do you like soft drinks? Yes No 2) Where do you mostly consume soft drink? PartyCafeHome 3) Frequency of consumption of soft drink in a week? Daily 2-4times more than 4 times once in a week 4) On what occasions, do you often consume the Soft Drinks? Feeling Thirsty Without any reason (just like that) ? Parties / Celebrations ? Others, please specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5) What induces you to buy Soft Drinks?Price with quantity Health Drink Status symbol Taste Variety Advertisement 6) Which soft drink do you like more? Dew Sprite Cocacola Pepsi Limca Maaza Other (specify)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7) Do advertisements influence your purchases? Strongly Agree ? Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree ? 8) Do you agree that packaging influence consumer purchase decision? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree ) Please tick the size of soft drink you purchase for personal consumption? 200 ml 250ml 300ml500ml other (specify)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10) Which soft drink is served to the guest in your home? Dew Sprite CocacolaPepsi LimcaMaazaOther (specify)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11) Who decide the selection of soft drink for household? FatherMother Himself/Herself Other(Specify)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12) Do you read instruction written on the packaging of soft drink? YesNo BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Beverage †¢ www. foodindustryindia. com †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=25105=3 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? rticle id=24983=3 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=24965=3 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=24849=3 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=25039=3 †¢ http://www. foodindustryindia. com/newfood/detailnews. jsp? n=Xtazy,%20another%20energy%20drink%20for%20the%20Indian%20market=598 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/redfr. asp? fn=/other/aboutus. asp=About%20Us#Food †¢ www. google. com †¢ Kothari C R, â€Å"Research and Methodology- Methods & Techniques†, New Age International (P) Ltd. , 2004 [pic] ———————– 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9[pic][pic] 24 27 25 12