Reactivity series for common metals experiment Essay Example for Free

Reactivity series for common coatlic elements experiment EssayAimTo see if a common surface is reactive or strong enough to replace/push out/displace another common metal from its liquid heterogeneous.HypothesisMy prediction allow be the nigh reactive metal shown by the reactivity series will show if the metal can displace or not the metal in the compound. For example my hypothesis in a reaction of Mg and Pb is that Mg being a more reactive metal in the reactivity series will displace Pb, a least reactive metal in the series. Equipment1. A chart with spaces big enough to proceed with the reaction. With the label of each different metals. For obvious reasons put an x from the top left corner to the inferior left corner.2. A glass bigger than the chart for the subject for protection of it.3. Each good metal and metal compound for the reaction Solid Metals Magnesium (4), Copper(4), Iron(4), zinc(4), Lead(4). Liquid Metal Compounds Copper Sulphate, Iron Chloride, Magnesium S ulphate, Zinc Nitrate, Lead Nitrate.4. A teat pipette.5. other table, scarcely smaller, to record data.Procedure/Method1. Get all required elements you are going to need, this elements are listed above.2. localize the glass on top of the table of reactions.3. Clean all metals, until they are shiny and clean.4. Place 4 times the alike(p) metal on its agree column and different square for all the metals(5).5. Add carefully with the teat pipette one or two drops of the metal compound indicated directly onto the solid metal.6. Observe for changes, take into account that if the textual matterure or color are altered, it means that at that place has been displacement, reaction.7. Write your observations.8. Results should be written in a elegant table, as tick if there was reaction, X if there was none and ? If not sure.9. Analyze and conclude from your data.Data AnalysisFrom the table above, we can conclude that the most reactive metal is Magnesium (Mg), since it reacts with all t he metal compounds except itself (Magnesium Sulphate). Then will come Zinc (Zn) , reacting with 2 Metal Compounds. Iron(Fe) will be slight reactive than Zn and reacting with only 1 Metal Compound. Finally the least reactive Solid Metal will be Copper and Lead, reacting with none metal compounds.Conclusion1. Write down the order of reactivity you foundBased on the graphic above the reactivity order i found3. apprize why some squares were marked with an X on the grid.The diagonal squares in the grid from top left heap corner to lower right hand corner were marked with an X because it is pretty obvious that a metal can not displace the same metal on the compound because it has the same reactivity and atoms on the last shell in the atom. So for example, Copper will not displace Copper on the compound Copper Sulphate.4. Referring to your text book. Is there any metal that does not seem to be behaving as its position says it should? Can you find any reasons for this?Well referring to t he reaction series there are some metals i found which do not fit in the reaction series, this are Copper and Lead well copper and acquire should not be tied, the reactivity series show that Lead is more reactive than copper, and by this it should be first in the reactivity order.i suppose there are 2 possible ways to explain why this happensSince the results we did were not genuinely accurate and Lead and Copper are very turn up in the reactivity series, maybe we did not noticed the reaction of Lead or Copper, or maybe there wasnt in neither of them, well it is very possible that the reaction of them was not too noticeable to see the difference between them, but even though there was.The other possible way, could be that the metals werent very clean before we tested them, and so this could have altered and prevented a reaction in Lead.EvaluationIn general we did a majuscule effort with my teammate in the lab, we applied exactly two drops of the metal compound to the metal soli d, tried every metal to be clean , but unfortunately we needed machinery to polish every single metal but we did not had it, we just had to do our best at trying to polish them.Another problem we did had, was to handle the spaces and the arrangement of the metals within their boxes in the lab well we applied a small square to each experiment, we frequently had the metal compound spreading into other boxes, damaging the fair results of the other experiments. One solution could be to apply bigger spaces and arrange each metal at the shopping center of its box.

Early Cells Essay Example for Free

Early Cells Essay1 HypothesisIf you soak an freak in vinegar, then the shell will deteriorate and loose centimeters off of its circumference.Data and ObservationsTime (hrs)ObservationsCircumference (cm)01. The clod is whole, and has non lost color.2. The orb was immediately surrounded by bubbles.3. 14 cm4. 241. The egg appears to have a little bit of color missing.2. The egg remains firm.3. 15.5cm4. 481. The eggs shell is beginning to disappear.2. The shell of the egg is cracking all around.3. 16 and cm4. 721. The shell is completely gone, leaving a geld membrane that surrounds the yolk. 2. The egg itself looks flimsy and appears transparent.3. 17cmConclusionBe sure to answer the following reflection questions in the conclusion of your lab report1. How much did the egg change in size? (answer should be in centimeter) The eggs size changed by 3 centimeters.2. Was your hypothesis correct? Why or why not?My hypothesis proved to be correct because the eggs shell did, in fact, de teriorate.3. Evaluate the lab and data collected. What type of transport occurred in this lab? exempt your answer, including evidence from your experiment tosupport your explanation. The type of transport that took place in this lab was active. I trust this is true because the particles moved from an area of higher tightfistedness (vinegar), to an area of lower concentration (the egg).4. Consider how lettuce or spinach placed in water becomes firm and crisp. Use what you have learned about kiosk membranes to explain this observation. Lettuce and spinach become firm and crisp when placed in water because the cells absorb the water, and in turn makes the lettuce/spinach bloated with water.5. If you were to continue this experiment by removing the egg from the water and covering it in syrup, what do you think would happen. Explain your prediction. (If you choose to test your prediction, be sure to allow at least 24 hours before making your observations. And, of course, handle the e gg very carefully) If I were to put the same egg in a syrup solution, I believe the thin membrane that remained would break because passive transport would take place.

The Nestle Internal Documents Management Essay

The Nestle Internal Documents Management EssayThe inquiry mold followed in this study is outline in Figure 1, it began with a examine of the literature related to beats per minute and BPIs with a particular vigilance on researches that tackled transmutation and particularly packaging Innovation in Food Industry. The literature review revealed a signifi rai unsex gap with regard to both the integration aspect of BPM and BPIs and the application of this integrated poser in the particular field of case Innovation which led to formulate the RQ.In order to identify and expose the continue of the proposed modelling on the Packaging Innovation Process a Case Study methodology has been adopted as a research strategy. This is beca map it is considered suitable to address the research question How and wherefore an integrated framework of affair Process Management and Business Process Improvement could modify the Performance of Packaging Innovation Process of a multinational comp some(prenominal)? This is also in accordance with Yin (2009, Loc 453) who confirms that how and Why questions argon more explanatory and likely to perish to the use of cheek studies..as the preferred research method. Furthermore, the focus on the contemporary events of Packaging Innovation Process in its real-life consideration and not requiring the control of behavioural events were additional reasons for choosing the case study method (Yin, 1981 Yin 2009, Loc 310). tout ensemble the 3 conditions highlighted by Yin (2009, Loc 310) are met in order to adopt the case study as the most appropriate method. Once again Yin (2009, Loc 310) argues completely case studies are the preferred method when how or why questions are being posed, the investigator has little control over events and focus is on a contemporary phenomenon within a real-life context.Case study designAn embedded single case study design has been selected in this research. harmonise to Yin (2009, Loc 740) t here are cardinal major types of case study designs. Placed in a 2-2 matrix these relevant designs are single case versus multiple case designs, and so holistic with a single unit of measurement of epitome against embedded covering a multiple units of analysis.The aim for selecting an embedded single case design is to check a representative or typical case in order to capture the circumstances and conditions of an e preciseday or commonplace situation (Yin, 2009, Loc 1205). Embedded designs (multiple units of analysis) a good deal add signifi stooget opportunities for extensive analysis, enhancing the insights into the single case (Yin, 2009, Loc 1215).Accordingly, this embedded single case is about packaging grounding process progression in the context Business Process Management and Improvement and specific completelyy the integration of both BPM and BPI disciplines. This involves as easy several units of analysis which consist in baseline events and validation through an innovation project. In the baseline events one main illustrative project has been reviewed in order to understand the critical reasons that demand a packaging innovation project fail. Then in order to assess the impact of a poorly designed packaging on the operation, twelve factories across atomic number 63 and Asia have been visited through a waste Audit methodology (Muda Hunt).The twelve factories have been chosen as subunits for this investigation because they were widely turn out geographically across Europe and Asia and were using different packaging materials and technologies for various harvesting categories.With this case study design, the emphasis is global touching the packaging innovation process and not on individual factories or on a specific packaging material or a product category. Yin (2009) stresses that a major drawback in an embedded single case is focusing only on the subunit level for example the individual factories and failing to return to the larger uni t of analysis in this case the packaging innovation process cash advance.On the former(a) hand, a single case study has limitations in particular to its cogency of research and in relation to the scientific generalization of the findings and conclusions (Yin, 2009, Loc 554). Nevertheless, single case studies permit a precise analysis of cotemporary evidence in context and are generalisable to theoretical propositions (Yin 2009, Loc 573).Finally the schemaatic adoption of embedded case study as a research methodology using three unit of analysis gives more rigor as well, Furthermore, the validation of the proposed framework though a real packaging innovation project (Embedded unit of analysis 3) enhances the quality produce of the research and confirms its managerial implications.Data solicitationThe data were primarily collected at Nestl Head Office, RD centres and affiliate markets and factories. Worldwide leader in Food and social welfare industries, Nestl uses a wide range of more than 177000 packaging materials and more than 66000 different packaging specifications in 450 production sites across the globe.Moreover, Nestl is also resideed in better its Packaging Innovation Process and attracted by exploring the bleak integrated framework which combines both BPM and BPI. Therefore the entry musical mode to Nestl internal data and employees has been made relatively easy. Using Nestl posed no research bias since it gives total independence and full autonomy to conduct the whole research in order to bend any influence neither on the research process nor on the outcome.Thus, Nestls internal documents review and semi-structured interviews with a group of concerned employees have been apply in this research to collect data. To complement the second-hand data, waste audits in twelve factories have been carried out combined with a visit and interviews of tree key suppliers. The use of multiple sources of evidence, combined with key informants who have reviewed draft case study reports, helped to establish construct validity (Yin, 2009, Loc 734, 1057). All data were stored in a process Map using the BPM software Nimbus Control in accordance with Yins (2009, Loc 734, 1057) recommendations for establishing reli efficacy.Internal documents and interviewsNestle internal documents were the first base source of data collection for this investigation.These include corporate documents (General Instructions, Policies, RD and business reports, best practices library) produced by process owners, functional departments or experts. The process owners have mapped processes and issued instructions on how to implement and execute their processes. Having access to Nestls internal documents and employees helped to rely on a vast amount of relevant data.For the baseline review of a major Packaging Innovation project, semi-structured personal interviews were carried out with 37 stakeholders and 3 key suppliers involved in the phylogenesis process. An interview deaths between 2 to 4 hours, with a flexible schedule, accord to approachability of the individuals invited. The semi-structured questions were defined follo followg a clear Process flow and Project Phases Project Inception / Initiation Project Brief Objectives Project Organisation mean Development Project Execution, Management, Reporting and Steering Committee Packaging Design / Specification Quality Supplier Selection, Technical Qualification Approval Performance Business Impact, Supply and Cost.Interviewees received a clear description with scope and objectives of the review as well as relevant questions before the interview. Participants were invited to comment on any phase with regard to their own experiences and learnings together with any recommendations they might have for amendment, as well as present copies of any relevant documentation that can stand the review.The principle aim of the review and Gemba walk was to capture the learnings from all emp loyees involved and who were encouraged to freely give any comments they might have related to the following questionsWhat happened?Why did it happen?How, and at what stage of the design / development phase of the project, could we have avoided these failures?How should we alternate our development / deployment approach as a exit of these learnings?What went well?What did not go so well?What could have been improved?What could have been done differently?What Key Recommendations could you offer to improve the process in the future?All comments and feedbacks were grouped into a series of transcribed Notes following Miles and Huberman (1994) recommendation. The transcription is grouped by Function and Location with a summary of the inputs that were mapped in the BPM tool Nimbus Control. This discontinueed an easier analysis and quicker understand of the whole picture and piece together the complex interfaces between all entities involved in the Packaging Development Project called 24K.Field observationsTo collect first-hand data field observations were made using waste audits (Muda Hunt) approach in 12 factories across Europe and Asia. The concept of MUDA hunt is meant to provide awareness to obvious waste as well as none Value Added activities at the shop floor. The application of the tip off sextet Sigma tools such as DMAIC methodology allow help afterwards to reduce or eliminate the identified waste.Field observations in scopePackaging areas of main production linesMaterial flows in packaging areasPackaging materials wasteLabour utilization, packaging material usage on the linesSpace utilization on the floors, storage inventory.Field observations Out of scopeProcessing of raw materialsProduction lines (mixing, moulding, )The relevant filling and packing lines were selected for Muda Hunt if they are strategic to the Business and depending on their capacity utilisation, their Efficiency and Performance as well as their material waste level.All Mudas were mapped in a prioritisation matrix (see example below) depending on their impact High or Low and their confinement to implement Easy or Hard. The proposals are then listed in tables as first priority in fleeceable colour and second priority in orange colour for actions planning.Limitations of carry programsThe origin of melt goes back to the Toyota Production System which has been created more than 40 age ago. For R. Suri (Suri, 2010) a new ground cannot be forged by focusing only on refining and implementing 40-year-old approach. Based on studies with more than 200 companies during the last 15 years, he listed few limitations related to Lean. For Suri, Lean is designed originally for production system with relatively high-volumes. Organisations that are offering high variety or customised products could not see how to implement Lean principles.According to Atkinson (Atkinson, 2010), LEAN must(prenominal) grow with the culture and not be imposed upon it. The author highlighte d that too practically attention is foc utilize on the technical aspect of Lean, rather than the ambition to build a real self-sustaining Lean culture. Atkinson has listed seven misconceptions regarding Lean first, Lean is a great deal considered as a toolbox of techniques and methods that are pushed down to the presidency, rather than pulled and tailored to it. Second, Lean is not a cost reduction exercise to get hold of unnecessary cost out. Third, Lean concepts often are not applicable to processes and functions beyond operations. Forth, Lean often doesnt impact the design and the innovation processes. Fifth, Lean is to frequently be sold, surrounded by all the exotic terminology, as Japanese approach for benefit. sextetteth, Lean does not necessitate a culture of round-the-clock improvement and finally Lean is less concerned by the culture change.In his research of the top reasons for the failure of the major Lean initiatives, Lucey focus on the former(a) dimensions as l eadership, employees engagement and communication. Atkinson on the other hand highlighted the sizeableness of the organisational culture that decides the success of Lean or any other improvement initiative and demo that applying lean principles and tools is certainly not enough to achieve business excellence. For Treat, organisations practicing BPM may apply common Business Process Improvements (BPI) initiatives for certain improvement up to now the usage of these BPI tools does not mean that the organisation is devoted to the effective application of BPM. In the same context, Hammer underlined in his process audit framework the crucial importance of applying two defined groups of characteristics that are necessary for business processes to regularly improve and sustain. These characteristics as described in the first section of this research are based beside process management, on people leading, culture, knowledge skills and behaviours.Hence its evidently crucial to compare B PM and BPI approaches not only according to the MEM but as well from the Management perspective looking at how these approaches tackled the issues of Leadership, Culture intensify, Process Management, and Continuous Improvement.Leadership ManagementThis factor is related to the portion of top leaders and their behaviour in driving the organization towards Performance and Continuous Improvement. This central role has been accepted by experts and researchers as one of the major success factors for reaching Business Performance.Management in general is more concerned about controlling, problem fixing and making short term results and Leadership is more about the ability of giving directions, developing a vision and setting strategies to achieve this vision (Kotter, 1993, Kotter, 1996). In few words, leaders foster change and transformation in the organisation. Engaging leaders and top Mangers is the key first tone of voice for a successful implementation of Process Business Excellen ce.Culture ChangeThe ultimate Culture Change objective is to drive performance across the whole organisation in order to exceed node expectations and therefore to win in the market place. A robust culture would promote effective performance only when it contains think ofs and norms that helps to engage people, manage the change and the shifting to a competitive environment (Atkinson, 2010 Kotter, 1993). Literature supports Kotter and states that this kind of culture will impact positively on the productivity and performance of the organisation. As an illustration, there is a clear parallel between people engagement and the sustainability of lean initiatives (Lucey et al., 2005). The research literature shows that engaged workforce can have a huge impact on growth, profitability and competitiveness (Lucey et al., 2005) therefore a measure and monitoring of this engagement is crucial for sustaining any constant improvement process.Process ManagementBusinesses are driven by a multi tude of various processes, but concentrating on the core and essential ones either in operation or beyond will improve the organisation Performance. Core Processes have to be continually reviewed, measured and improved and employees should focus on defining the perfect process, eliminating any unnecessary phases, challenging the lead times or the base costs. A Performing organisation is where processes are mapped, measured and improved for all core business activities.The development of a new business process is also one of the key activities affecting Business Performance and competitive abilities.The association between cause and effects, inputs and outputs of a process must be the guiding principles to applying BPI methodologies. Efforts and resources spent other than on managing processes and changing the culture to achieve strategic objectives is waste (Atkinson, 2010). Therefore getting the processes right first is a prerequisite for achieving Performance objectives.Finally pr ocesses have to be visualised and communicated in a way that each employee can see and understands the process. Visual systems should allow everyone to have the capability to answer the question, if everything is flowing the way it should be and if we are on time to client demand? BPM helps to create a up-to-date state map of an existing flow, then develop and implement a future state based on BPI principles.Continuous Improvement (CI)As mentioned in the introduction, organisations pretend efforts to implement Business Process Improvement programs to improve operable performance and achieve Business Excellence. Some of them try to move from divided process improvements to building and sustaining their ability to improve processes continually. BPI methods help these organisations to understand and implement the concept of Continuous Improvement.But according to Brad baron (Power, 2011), if an organisation tries to institutionalize continuous process improvement based on just one approach, it will run into trouble because no single method has all the ingredients for sustaining continuous process improvement. Therefore Power emphasises the fact that if organisations want to keep their processes up to date continually, they need to be able to use many approaches to embedding improvement in their management systems.TQM started applying first the principle of Demings cycle Plan-do-check-act (PDCA) to continuously improve the quality, achieve guest satisfaction and reduce costs. While Six Sigma supporters claim that if you curb enough people (belts..) and you measure performance, you achieve the cultural transformation toward continuous improvement.According to Hammer, advises organisations to continually assess their processes against his model of process maturity (Hammer, 2007). He sure to put in place the governance and the infrastructure to track end-to-end process performance and finally install the right culture of process centricity and continuous im provement. On the other hand Lean approach aims to cascade strategic objectives into implications for process improvements to have people aligned behind the same direction. To ensure continuous improvement attitude Lean philosophy trust executives to act as coaches, helping people at the front-line to understand the importance of waste elimination and problem-solving.Power underline that the few companies who succeed in sustaining their process improvement have actually selected and used the best from each of BPM and BPI approaches to embed continuous improvement in their organisation.This fact supports further the need of streamlining BPM and BPI approaches and extract the essence of each methodology hence the relevance of this research.Combining BPM and BPI approachesMandatory elements of a method (MEM)Before digging further into the integration of BPI and BPM approaches, its relevant to describe the MEM elements used by Zellner to evaluate the methodological degree of BPI approa ches. In order to have continuity and the same benchmark system the MEM five mandatory elements (Zellner, 2011) has been used as well in this research. First element is the Procedure model that consists of defining the order of activities to be completed when deploying the approach. Second element refers to the Technique which supports an activity to generate specific results. Third element is the Results as such which the output produced by an activity. The element number four is defining the Roles of who is carrying out and responsible of an activity. Finally the fifth element is the so-called Information Model which involves the above-mentioned components and their interactions.According to Zellner a good systematic approach should embody all MEM at the best. By explaining how the MEM can support the act of improving a business process, Zellner underlines the need of a structure model that can define clearly hat to do step by step, which activity has to be performed and by who an d which result is expected in an improvement project. The only thing that without referring explicitly to BPM, Zellner was describing the fundamental elements of BPM Defining and mapping step by step the process, affecting to each activity a role and responsibility or more precisely a RACI matrix (who is Responsible and responsible and who has to be consulted or informed). Then the inputs, outputs and instruction are defined. Finally the process map will be the Information Model described by Zellner to describe the kin with all elements and represent the results.The following table summarises the main factors identied from literature search based mainly on the findings of Zellner regarding BPI approaches taken and neutered in table 1 and then completing these findings by integrating Lean, Six Sigma and BPM. The aim of this comparative study is to have a systematic and holistic approach to develop the mentioned integrated model with relevant constructs that will answer therefore research question RQ2.Lean and Six Sigma vs. BPMLean and Six Sigma principles are now being applied to business processes. From one side Lean philosophy and Six Sigma techniques address performance improvement by simplification wastes and process division while BPM provides the platform to implement this performance and to sustain it on an on-going basis across the whole organisation.With ERP system, most companies find it very difficult to implement Lean programs. This is because ERP systems have been focused around transactions and not processes (Nayak, 2007). Automated business processes are a complex set of system transactions requiring humane and machine interfaces that make the changes difficult and time consuming. In this context BPM is an enabler for driving business process improvement in Lean and Six Sigma (Nayak, 2007). BPM tools provide the capability for monitoring, documenting, improving processes therefore are imperative for fulfilling the objectives of Lean princip les. The following table benchmarks the key characteristics between BPM, Lean and Six Sigma.BPI BPM in InnovationBefore concluding this literature review section and preparing the next chapter of the cross-case study on Innovation process, it is essential to review the literature regarding how BPI and BPM tackled specifically the innovation issue.Literature shows actually that BPI initiatives were focused mainly on operations where link to product, customers or consumers is obvious. The interest of operation management lay in production, material handling and wastes, cost efficiencies, planning, etc. and all activities related to things and logic but less with people, behaviours and interfaces. BPI beyond the operations is therefore quite novel and organisations have great opportunity for improving as well non-operational processes such as RD, HR, Finance or other Support and Management processes.With BPI and BPM, organisations have great opportunity for improving processes beyond operations. Much of waste in processes beyond operations is viewed as fry in nature and therefore ignored. Despite the impressive results that BPI techniques can achieve at operational level, many organisations failed to grasp its potential benefit for their processes beyond operations such as in RD, Management or Support processes. The difference between manufacturing and other areas beyond operations is that the employees introduce intrinsically variability into their activities. Therefore the challenges become quite different from those occurred in manufacturing environment. Conventional approaches to reduce waste In order to eliminate or reduce wastes from processes beyond operations, companies can take the four typical actions, the first action is to reduce processing failures and activities that dont add any value to the customer then to eliminate superfluous and at variance(p) controls. The third action is to speed up the processes by decreasing lead times and complexity an d final action is to ensure a constant effort on detecting perfections that customers really want.Innovation process is one of the core processes which are key facture for insuring sustainable growth and Profit. This process will be considered in this research in next Chapter of a cross-case Study. From the literature review and the research conducted by IBM Institute for Business Value in 2006 looked at number of companies that used BPI approaches as Lean-Six Sigma to improve performance and succeed broad-based innovations. Researchers from IBM identified four distinguishing elements of approaches that set some organisation apart from those keeping a traditional operational improvement mind-set. These characteristics are first having an innovation vision based on accurate customer and market insights, then a committed Leadership to imperishable innovation third having an alignment across the whole company and finally setting up organizational capabilities that made innovation a ro utine way of working.Gartner stated in 2010 regarding Innovation Process that a successful innovation needs a disciplined management to transform novel ideas into business value and Innovation management requires a clear strategy, a business focus and a defined process model. According to Gartner, generation of revenue will outgrowth and operational effectiveness will also improve if Companies succeed to manage properly their innovation programs.Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)Through DMAIC methodology organizations were able to make great improvements in trim number of defects and therefore quality costs. However the quality level of Five Sigma (233 defects per million opportunities) is hard to exceed. The only way to improve further and achieve the ultimate level of Six Sigma is to redesign completely the process, product or service using Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) methodology (Antony 2002). According to Antony DFSS is a powerful approach to designing products, services and process es in a cost effective way to meet customer expectations.The aim of DFSS is not to intervene the NPDI (New Product Development and Introduction) process but to make it more robust, cost effective and capable to achieve high performance in meeting customer expectations (Antony 2002).Antony listed several benefits that could be gained by adopting DFSS Reduced time to market for new products development or renovations Reduced products life cycle costs Better understanding of Customers needs and expectations Reduced number of design changes and hence prototypes Enhanced quality and reliability Improved ability to manage risks in designing products services or processesMethodology and tools of DFSSThe methodological process of DFSS starts with Customers needs as an input and ends with high quality products, services or robust processes as an output. One popular DFSS methodology is the DMADV. It remains the number of characters and stages, and the general feeling the same as in the DMAIC acronym. The five phases of DMADV are defined as follows Define the project goals and customer requirements (internal and external), measuring rod and determine customer needs and specifications, Analyze the process options to meet customer needs. Design the process to achieve customer needs. Verify the design performance and ability to meet customer needs.Another methodology of DFSS named IDOV is a known design approach especially in the manufacturing sector. The abbreviation is defined as IDOV Identify customer needs and specifications (CTQs), Design to translate the customer CTQs into functional requirements and alternative solutions. A selection process selects the list of solutions to the best solution, Optimize uses advanced statistical tools to annunciate and model the performance or calculate and optimize the design or performance and Validate to confirm means and ensure that the design which is developed reaches the customer CTQs.Lean product developmentLPD or Lean Desig n as the name indicates, draws on ideas from Lean Production as described above in chapter Background of Business Process Improvement which condensed Lean thinking into five principles specify value, identify the value stream, make the value flow, create pull in the process and pursue perfection. Although lean production can be described at various levels, Shah et al. (2008) argue that the dominant view rests on a set of practices and tools used in eliminating waste. They also present the four main features of lean production as being quality management, pull production, preventive maintenance and human resource management. In the early stages of lean thinking, the focus was on the area of production. An exception, although not using the LPD label, is Kennard (1991), who uses six characteristics to summarise the Japanese approach to product development processes information-intense, continual learning, constant customer contact, phases overlap, adaptability and speed/accuracy in exe cution. Another early describer of Japanese product development efforts is Funk (1993), who emphasised multifunctional problem-solving, close relationship with customers and suppliers, incremental improvement and learning.Karlsson and Ahlstrom (1996) specified later on the applicability of the Lean principles in product development by defining LPD as follows Lean product development comprises numerous interrelated techniques, including supplier engagement, cross-functional teams, concurrent engineering, integration of various functional aspects of each project, the use of a heavyweight team structure, and strategic management of each development project.Another aspect associated with LPD is that the leaner way of working will eventually speed up the development process. However, as advocated by Crawford (1992) accelerate product development is associated with risks such as trivial innovations driving out break-through innovations and mistakes happening when skipping steps that did provide necessary information. Finally, Yang and Cai (2009) point out that LPD does not right away support the issues of quality, reliability and robustness in the product design.Combining BPM, DFSS and LPDThe main potential seen in merging BPM, DFSS and LPD is to achieve improvements in quality by reducing unwanted variation (as advocated in DFSS), while at the same time being able to increase flow and speed in the development processes (as focused in BPM and LPD) (Chang and Su, 2007 Jugulum and Samuel, 2008). As summarised by Yang and Cai (2009, p. 97) DFSS improves product value and product quality, whereas LPD improves product development lead time, efficiency, flexibility and product development cost. BPM will provide the right platform to map, enhance and manage the whole process.One challenge pointed out by Jugulum and Samuel (2008) is the differences in implementation of Six Sigma initiatives and lean. The latter being broad in focus (looking at end-to-end processes and lau nching improvement events therein) while Six Sigma works with in-depth projects focusing on a small improvement area within a process. To some extent the integrated approaches proposed appear to be rather standard DFSS approaches with the addition of LPD tools. In contrast, authors like Karlsson and Ahlstrom (1996), Haque and James-Moore (2004) and Morgan and Liker (2006) emphasise the importance of viewing LPD as a system rather than as a set of tools, which impacts working methods throughout the organisation, such as seeking supplier involvement and cross-functional integration.BPM, LPD and DFSS have different focuses, such as improvement, innov

How Does Poverty Affect A Child?

How Does Poverty Affect A Child?State parties recognise the right of every child to a standard of nutrition adequate for the childs physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social modernisement. (UN Convention, Article 27) (Daniel, P, 1998, p50)There atomic number 18 two definitions of contend absolute and relative. Absolute pauperisation refers to a enured of standards which is the same in all countries and which does not change over time, whereas relative poverty refers to a standard which is defined in terms in which the single(a) lives. In Britain we refer to relative poverty when discussing poverty, according to End child poverty. Org (2009) 4 million children, one in three, argon currently living in poverty in the UK, http//www.endpoverty.org/Any household with an income of less than 60% of the British Median is classified as in poverty. The official cut off key out is 199 per week for single parents and 283.20 for a two parent family after housing has been paid (Gentle man, Amelia, 2009) It is often argued that if children are housed, fed and pick up access to free health care that they bugger off nothing to complain about, Hilary Fisher, director of the campaign to End Child Poverty would disagree stating half Dickensian, half wartime, with images of children in ill-fitting clothes, is very far from reality. good deal have peculiarly outdated conceptions of British poverty (Gentleman, Amelia, 2009) http//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/mar/18/child-poverty-labour-eradicate-promiseProviding a weeks worth of meals for three people for 6.66 a head is sonant once you work out how, .The gas and electricity payments for the week have already been made, so she knows the children will be warm. A m other(a)s words quoted from an article from The Guardian. She too rejects the suggestion that her family might be described as pitiable. Oh no, she says firmly. We get by. http//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/mar/18/child-poverty-labour-eradicate-promise Poverty usually means children miss out on school trips, do not have adequate winter clothing and arent able to enjoy leisure activities with their peers. As a return, their education suffers making it surd to get the qualifications they need to move on to sustainable, well-paid jobs. This limits their potential to earn the money needed to support their consume families in later life, and so a wheel of poverty is created.According to Rowntree the two or so significant causes of child poverty are long-term unemployment and the growing number of utter paid jobs. (Daniel, P, 1998, p59) Children who grow up in poverty face a greater risk of having little health, being exposed to crime and failing to reach their full potential. http//www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/strategy/parents/childpoverty/childpoverty/ childishness is the most vulnerable time of life and health inequalities can have lasting effects finishedout life. Good health in the early age lays the foundations for positive development. http//www.hmg.gov.uk/newopportunities/early_years/ antecedency.aspxKaty Morton says children living in poverty are more possible to be obese and have poor dental health. (Nursery World). Obesity can result to an increased risk of diabetes, heart indisposition, high blood pressure, osteoarthritis and some cancers. http//www.food.gov.uk/science/dietarysurveys/lidnsbranch/Attachment theory is the joint work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Ainsworth Bowlby, 1991). He thereby revolutionized our thinking about a childs tie to the mother and its disruption through separation, wish, and bereavement. Mary Ainsworth contributed the concept of the attachment figure as a insure base from which an infant can explore the world. http//www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/online/inge_origins.pdf.Poverty reduces the parental bond and attachment between parent and child, due to the parent being pre-occupied with pecuniary problems, housing worries and health problems, according to studies of parents in poor families (Huston, 199 McLoyd, 1990 Sampson Laub, 1994) (Rudolph Schaffer, H, p346)This could be argued that children whose parents are out of work and are at planetary house with the children may have a better attachment with their children due to time spent at home the first few months are vital in order for babies to form respectable attachments. http //www.hmg.gov.uk/newopportunities/early_years/priority.aspxThese studies also suggested that child that come from poorer homes often live in a chaotic and disorganized manner due to parents being too busy with their own problems and that children would more promising to be attracted to playing in the street and are more likely to come to harm within the home and outside of the home. That parents are more likely to use erratic and disciplinary techniques to use physical punishment on their children. (Rudolph Schaffer, H, p346)Many children who face poverty escape damage and develop into wel l-functioning adults. (Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347) Poverty does not always lead to inadequate parenting but can have great effects on the childrens ego esteem and self image leading to depression and worthlessness. (Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347)Children who have intellectual, athletic or artistic talent which leads to fulfilment are more likely to follow acceptable pathways quite an than leading into anti-social behaviour, violence and crime. (Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347) Where children who come from poverty their parents may not be able to afford the fees for such activities and not be able to fund the equipment needed, this could result in the child not being able to develop their talents. (Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347)It was in 1867 that Thomas Barnado set up the Ragged School and touch offing helping the abused, vulnerable, forgotten and neglected children of east London and his work still continues today. Barnardos vision today is that the lives of all children and young people s hould be free from poverty, abuse and discrimination. Barnardos believe in the abused, the vulnerable, the forgotten and the neglected. We pledge to support them, stand up for them and bring out the best in each and every child http//www.barnardos.org.uk/who_we_are/history.htmA government activity-commissioned discover on health inequalities will provide a key influence on future public health policy in the UK, according to Health depository Frank Dobson the Acheson report published in 1998 demonstrates the existence of health disparities and their relationship to social class, the report calls for an increase in benefits for expectant mothers as they have inadequate diets.There is substantial secern that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are associated with long-term deficits in cognition and school transaction. However, all these conditions are associated with poverty and poor health, acc ording to a report by S. M. Grantham-McGregor, S. P. Walker and S. Chang http//journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1fid=796168jid=PNSvolumeId=59issueId=01aid=796156 Cognitive development are stages that children have to pass through to chthonicstand and make sense of the world around them as stated by Piaget (Kehily, M, J, pg, 145, 2009)Also stating that poverty has a disproportionate effect on children, and children under two are more expensive to look after than older children, but Income Support levels do not reflect this. Furthermore it states that many low income families do not have enough money to buy the items and services necessary for good health, meaning that money for food is often used to border emergencies. The report calls for more funding for schools in deprived areas, better nutrition at schools and health promoting schools. Promoting health through the curriculum, offering free fresh ingathering and avoid putting sweet machines on the premises. Th e report also states children from disadvantaged backgrounds achieve less at school than other children and are more likely to go on to get badly paid jobs or be unemployed. This leads to a vicious circle of health problems associated with low income and a perpetuation of the poverty trap. The poor are also twice as likely to have drink problems as the rich. S chargeteen per cent of poor men and 6% of poor women has an alcohol problem, compared with 8% of rich men and 3% of rich women.http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/222649.stmMen and women with a lower level of educational achievement tended to have a less healthy diet according to results from The Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey (LIDNS). http//www.food.gov.uk/science/dietarysurveys/lidnsbranch/In Britain in 1997, one home in every three was classified as a low-income household. With children being raised in poverty were less likely to attend school on a regular basis, not progressing on to further education and gaining qualif ications to lead into employment. Girls were more likely to become young mothers and to fall into the same cycle of deprivation as their parents. There is a strong link between childhood experiences and adult life-chances. Former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, pledged in 1999, to end child poverty by 2020 with an interim target to halve child poverty by 2010/11. http//www.insidegovernment.co.uk/children/child_poverty/Children living in poverty usually have to live in poor housing conditions, this can lead to the child having health problems like asthma, bronchitis,living in bad housing can cause severe ill-health and disability before they reach middle age. they are more likely to be absent from school, child development suffers due to their home being cold and damp, their chest hurts when they breathe, and not being able to sleep at night, when the heating does not work as an article by lisa Harker states. http//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplement Every Child Matters government programme for child welfare picks out health, safety, economic well-being, making a positive contribution, enjoying and achieving as the critical factors that shape childrens lives, there is no explicit credit entry of the role that housing plays Childrens mental health is also affected. According to The Shelter children are teased at school because their clothes smell of damp, which affects self-confidence and they have low self-esteem. The condition of the house makes it difficult children to have friends round to play, which fixs on their social development. http//image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2006/09/12/Lifechancereport.pdfIn 1999 the Government made it a priority to eradicate child poverty within a generation. The Child Poverty Bill was introduced to provide a statutory basis for the commitment made by the government in 1999 to eradicate child poverty by 2020.http//www.politics.co.uk/legislation/children-and-family/child-pover ty-bill-$1307945.htmSure Start brings together childcare, early education, health and family-support services for families with children under 5 years old. It is the cornerstone of the Governments drive to tackle child poverty and social exclusion working with parents-to-be, parents, carers and children to promote the physical, intellectual and social development of babies and young children so that they can flourish at home and when they get to school. http//www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/earlyyears/surestart/aboutsurestart/aboutsurestart/From April 2009 expectant mothers are able to get a one-off, tax-free payment called the Health in maternity Grant. The assigning is a one-off payment of 190 the money is to help parents with cost of a new baby. http//www.hmrc.gov.uk/hipg/what-is-it.htm1 also a way of encouraging great(predicate) women to eat more healthily, to spend more money on fruit and vegetables. This was argued by Dr Mark porter from the Times that many mothers to be would spend the grant on booze and fags rather than on enriching food for their unborn. Recent research has shown that the nutritional status of the mother during pregnancy can have a great(p) long-term impact on her unborn babys health. This can alter the babys metabolism, permanently increasing the likelihood of a range of problems in adult life, including obesity, heart disease and high blood pressure. http//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article6086365.eceExpectant mothers not having the sufficient vitamin can have greater risk of children developing diabetes, multiple sclerosis and possibly even autism according to Dr Mark Porter from The Times. http//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article6086365.eceADHD is associated with children of low birth weight tobacco, alcohol and cocaine abuse during pregnancy although there is little evidence that ADHD can arise purely out of social or environmental factors such as poverty, family c haos, diet or poor parent attention (Barkley, 1990).http//www.adhdtraining.co.uk/about.phpThe strong association noted in a study between maternal mental health and childhood ADHD, single-parent families of lower income may be the most affected population.http//pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/111/5/S1/1232The Government introduced the Child Benefit in 1977 replacing family allowances and child tax allowances it is a tax-free payment that can be claimed for children. . There are two separate amounts, with a higher amount for the eldest (or only) child of 20.00 a week 13.20 a week for any other children. Child Benefit is flat-rate and not age-related. The case for age relation is that children become more expensive as they grow older. .http//www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/socialsecurity.htm?CFID=538533CFTOKEN=eec3c7817f178fc-6136AFC9-D609-CB06-42FF4E4FAC7FCB18jsessionid=5030a3ed25e20497a47539430a692d643d45TRChild Trust computer storage (CTF) is a savings and in vestment account for children. Children born on or after 1 September 2002 will receive a 250 voucher to start their account. The account belongs to the child and cant be touched until they turn 18, so that children have some money behind them to start their adult life.Working task Credits was introduced in 1998 with the child care tax credit contributing to 70% of childcare for most families to help them back into work. (Pugh, G, p12, 2010)According to a report by Steve Doughty, Labours Tax Credits is being blamed for the break-up of families and the doubling of divorce rates in low income families with children. Ministers acknowledge that children being raised by marry couples or complete family units are more likely to do better at school, have a better diet and are less likely to turn to crime and unemployment as those children coming from single parent families and step families. http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1158700/Tax-credits-DO-help-break-families-Parents-encourag ed-divorce-claim-higher-benefits-says-report.html Tax Credits is to blame for the extra 45,000 extra babies born periodical according to research from the Fiscal Studies.With all the help from the government and all the incentive schemes why do children still living in poverty, do parents need to be better educated and should children learn money management at school. The Governments Every Child Matters Outcomes Framework should be revised to reflect the direct impact that housing has on all aspects of childrens life chances

Problems For Women In Sport

Problems For Women In SportWomens rugger is an ever growing variant from the first game being played hard in Great Britain in the late 1970s (RFUW) to England hosting the Womens World Cup in September 2010. This report is to gain an insight into the thoughts, olfactory propertyings and experiences of student feminine rugby football players how they perceive themselves and also how they feel ab step to the fore the RFUW. I birth also inquiryed into how manlike rugby players perceive the female players as individuals and players within the game as a whole. I beget aimed to unc everywhere how this specific group of female athletes atomic number 18 treated within society by their peers and how they feel more or less the media prototype of them.IntroductionThis literature review explores problems for women in tout, research into womens rugby, the male prevail game and also how womens ruby is represented by the media. Shockleys (2006127) article presents the history of the egression and decline of womens rugby from 1974 to 1980 in the southeast of America, in the year 1970 a group of pi wizardering women worked without varsity scholarships and little(a) collegiate or community support to lay down rugby teams across the region. The effort of this group created at least fifteen teams throughout the region in 1980. This is an example of the growth of womens rugby and how a little unknown niche of women has establish such a globose uninfected success.Problems in Sport there atomic number 18 many factors which could shape womens views on their elect feature of interest one of which is victimisation. Fastings (2008) youthful research into the participation in college sports and protection from sexual victimization, investigates female athletes experiences of mingled forms of discrimination including sexual victimisation from coaches and some otherwise male athletes. The paper reports on the first descriptive analysis to test the sport protection hypothesis among both female and male athletes. Fasting (2008) think that students were significantly less likely to report sexual victimisation during their last high coach and early college years than their non athletic counterparts. Thus can become a major difficulty in the university setting, although my research is not based around this problem, it is still a highly important issue among females in sport and can affect a players views of their sport.Female athletes in male dominated sports such like rugby ar constantly bombarded with the issue of femininity. It is a boundary used by the media and also by many males when arguing that rugby isnt a womens game. Eitzen (2009) states that the traditional conception of femininity, as passive and helpless is challenged today by the fit, athletic and even muscular appearance of women athletes. in contemporary society women have brought a new standard of femininity that combines beauty with taut, developed muscles (Eitzen 200982). In relation to femininity another factor faced by sporting athletes is gender inequality Grace (199725) speaks of her research as drawing connections between sport as a cultural institution and gender inequality in all beas of life, Her theories and ideologies demonstrate how ideologies of natural difference present amicablely constructed meanings of masculinity and femininity as rooted in biology. She also states because sport is located in bodily practices, those who control it hold a great deal of cultural power. Exploring the implications of accessible relations being shaped by the cultural institution of sport also raises head words nearly relative privileges held by distinct women, and how these are reproduced through sporting activities (Grace 199725).Dewar (1991), analysing sport is like a set of selected and selective affable practices that embody dominant meanings, values and practices which are implicated in the creation and maintenance of hegemonic social relatio nships.Femininity and Masculinity- Gender RolesWhilst studying womens rugby I have observed the repetition of gender-role counterpoint theorys which have suggested that women athletes will experience role conflict because they are attempting to enact both feminine and masculine gender roles, yet research findings have shown mixed support for this notion Fallon and Jome (2007311), Their study explored how women rugby players negotiate gender-role expectations and conflict as women participating in a traditionally masculine sport. Fallon and Jome (2007311) found the participants perceived conflicting expectations for their gender-role behaviour more than they seemed to experience conflict about those expectations. They then(prenominal) state that the athletes tried to avoid experiencing gender-role conflict. The resiliency displayed by the women athletes in coping with discrepant gender-role messages provides new considerations for gender-role conflict theory. There is a problem wit h the expectations of how a female rugby player should look and act, this is due to the stereotyping of society today. Words associated with female players are alonech, big, lesbian, angry whereas words associated with a male rugby player are fit, athletic, strong, toned, muscular(Fallon and Jome 2007) there is an obvious difference here which leads me to examine how the students feel about themselves and how they are perceived, also whether this has an effect on them as players striving to achieve success. furthermore Chase (2006229) investigates the multiple and complex ways in which the female rugby body is disciplined. The women who partook in the research resisted disciplinary processes of femininity but at the analogous time were willing participants in disciplinary processes of competitive sport. The research focuses on the physicality on womens bodies in the game and the disciplines the players go through in effect to become a successful player. They and their bodies are shaped by multiple disciplinary processes. This is yet another example of how the players were drawn to rugby because of the physical temperament of the game. This is thus showing that women can be dependable as disciplined as men in the game and achieve success at an elect(ip) level. This investigation is a foundation to my research as it has shown the discipline close to women are prepared to go through to play a sport they are passionate about.In discussion about the development of womens sport Hargreaves (1994273) states the RFUW then known as WRFU developed the womens game from twelve founding members in 1983 to over 2,000 women compete each week in its first ten years. She mentions how women who play rough, physical sports requiring strength and speed express the sense of satisfaction and exhilaration they carry from participating (Hargreaves 1994273). Hargreaves discusses how women vie mens sports still face harsh criticism and ridicule which reflect a particularly Bri tish, class-based form of sexism (1994274). Hargreaves (1994) also talks of womens sports and the lack of documentation available to them a lot of teams have to pay the expenses themselves and are rejected from sponsors for being a female team. The Womens World Cup in 1991 in Wales failed to allure sponsors when the mens game was heavily fuelled with money. Hundreds of applications were made to a range of sponsors, including corporations which sponsor the mens game refusals were based on traditional ideas about masculine and feminine appropriateness but its a mens game and they dont drink lager (Hargreaves 1994204). Hargreaves also states that poor media coverage and financial support tend to mask the rapid increase in the poem of women participating in sports and reproduce the present system of privilege (1994204) this is linking directly with my study as it can lead to a path for my questioning of the participants in my study.A study which is highly important to my dissertatio n was conducted by Chu et al. (2003) which examined the experiences of New Zealands elect(ip) women rugby players which were based on reasoning for joining a rugby team and how they viewed womens rugby as a male dominated sport. The article shows how the players felt before joining the team, why they joint and also how they felt playing a sport which is strongly influenced and controlled by men the authors findings were offered to be used for administrators and those wishing to promote womens rugby which in my dissertation would be the RFUW this links in with what is available from the RFUW in terms of research. The outcomes from Chus (2003) research showed the prime reasons given by women for participation in sports traditionally considered as masculine, were the joy of participating in a sport requiring physical strength and speed as intimately as a love for the sport. The authors comment that all the participants were positive about being a black fern..but that they also had to make sacrifices for the game, particularly with respect to juggling work, family and elite lever sporting commitments. These last points raised questions about the amateur/ master copy reflect in terms of the black ferns being amateurs, but being expected to train and behave as professionals. This is a key issue within womens rugby which can raise many equality questions why do only the male teams get paid well for the same amateur level as the women? Are female players expected to juggle a full time career as well as committing to par push in a professional sport?Chu concludes from the interviews carried out that there was a mixture of frustration and acceptance among the women in relation to playing a predominantly male game several(prenominal) saw it as a challenge in terms of having to break down barriers with respect to what women can do in the wider context. They also felt that some women participating in non-traditional female sports become empowered and feel that this af fects women in society at large. This research although gained in New Zealand is important to my dissertation as it is an example and framework to my research. I am homing in on a specific group of players which are students not elite players but their thoughts and feelings towards the RFUW are significant as they are the governing body of rugby for women in England.Womens RugbyLeading on from the previous statement the Rugby Football matrimony for Women (RFUW) state the progression in womens rugby asthe England elite side continue to demonstrate their strength on a global scale and recent successes include winning the Nations Cup, four successive Six Nations triumphs and a runners up place at the 2006 World Cup. England will be looking to go one better at the 2010 World Cup which is to played on English soil for the first time in the tournaments 19 year history. Womens rugby as a sport has undoubtedly gone from strength to strength over recent years and participation is currently at an all time high, so whether you want to play for fun or be right up there challenging for honours, everyone is welcome to join in.This is from the welcoming cause page of their website which proudly shows how much the women involved have achieved since first playing in the 70s. It entices women and girls to play and shows just what females can achieve, but do they support their women throughout their rugby careers from school to adulthood? This is where my research will gain an insight into the experiences of support by the RFUW to young aspire and talented students playing at an amateur level.Research stuff by Fields (20088) explores the reasoning behind American females and why they play rugby she states women in the body politic find rugby a challenging game in which they can have fun. It is stated that, women play this sport because it is aggressive and most of the women surveyed say they have always been interested in fulfill sports The research also found that they p layed the sport because of its health benefits. Additionally there is becoming a theme around the reasonings why players get involved with the sport from other countries, In my dissertation I will examine how these countries fit in with the view of England students. This can raise many questions about the treatment of females playing male dominated sports worldwide Do we have a different culture of sport in England?Rugby is traditionally a male dominated sport but is it still in contemporary society today? Eitzen (200998) observes that sport in its organisation, procedures and operation serves to promote traditional gender roles thus belongings order. Sport advances male hegemony in practice and ideology by legitimating a certain dominant version of social globe. He states that from early childhood games to professional sports, the sports experience is gendered. Boys are expected to participate in sports, to be aggressive, to be physically tough, to take risks and to accept pain. T hus sport, especially aggressive physical contact sport is expected from boys and men but not for girls and women furthermore he concludes these expectations reproduce male domination in society. This is reflected in rugby as male players are seen to exert aggression and strength whereas female players are not seen to have the same abilities although they are playing the same sport. My dissertation is not want equality for women in terms of the game as both male and female games are on different levels but it is to investigate how female players feel about this gap in levels and how they are supported by the RFUW. Mangan (1981147) states Late Victorian bourgeois imperialist ideology associated sport and exercise with the muscular Christian gentlemen this is another example of the hegemony within society of the time, I wish to explore the society of this moment in time and compare with previous times.The Media InfluenceWhen accessing four different newspapers online to search for ar ticles on womens rugby I found suprising results. The Sun newspaper online (2009) first page of relevant results showed one 121 word article titled Austin Healey Woes. The Times newspaper online (2009) showed three relevant articles on the first page and The Daily Mail newspaper online (2009) had two relevant results. Most other articles in the search results were about rugby mens wives or other female sports news.Eitzen (2009) states women in sport are minimized (and men maximized) when womens activities are ignored. The mass media in the United States have tended to overlook womens sports. When they are reported, the stories, photographs and commentary tend to reinforce gender roles stereotypes. Womens sports are also ignored when cities and schools disproportionately spend enormous amounts on mens sports.Both todays sport and the media are classic outcomes and icons of the far-reaching social, economic and technological change that eccentric personised twentieth century Stead (2 003184). In addition Stead adds that both have developed extensively and rapidly as a major global industry (2003184). He expresses how the development of the internet extends further media activities. It being a global phenomenon loops everyone into a never ending source of news articles. He states that more recently there has been a growth in specialist media sports products (2003185). When researching into the influence of the media it has to be stated that there are many hidden messages behind what is broadcast and shown in newspapers. Stead states that research into the textual messages contained in the media sport output of various countries suggests the heavy influence of such ideological factors as capitalism, nationalism, patriarchy and racism. Each of these biases evident within the ownership and control of the increasingly dominant multinational media companies and and then the dominant values in a particular society (2003192). Another significant point raised by Stead ( 2003) was whether the medias representation of sport reflects reality or does it just reflect what the directors of that company feel? When commenting on the future of media sport Stead (2003197/8) states that the media set fashions but are also influenced by wider social change media commitment to sport and more particularly to certain sports or events can change, leaving an ever more dependant world of sport patriarchal to instability. Since the 1980s the value of sport to media companies and their investment in sport have grown dramatically he also raises the point that the media have furthermore influenced the character and development of sport, it should be noted that there is little evidence of resistance to co modification from sports bodies or athletes (Stead 2003198).An article by Mott (2002) entails an interview with Paula George one of the England elite female rugby players George comments on the missed opportunities of the female elite team. It would help if the Rugby F ootball Union would let them play a curtain-raiser international at Twickenham. So far they wont. Its silly, isnt it? said George. To have done it this year to raise awareness about the World Cup coming up in front of a good rugby crowd would have been awesome. Every time I see one of the England men or one of the boys coming out of the tunnel in their countrys shirt, I think we want to do that. We so want to do that. Its going to happen. Were not going away. It might as well happen now. This article is a real insight into the opinions of our elite team which is bring out the dreams and aspirations of the England elite team and how they will not back down until they have the same treatment as the male teams. This is a useful article to generate questions for my research participants.Whilst researching online I came across an advert for the Guildford college rugby team which share many common values of lots of womens rugby clubs, their statement online states through practices, soc ials, matches, fitness, fund-raising, and recruitment events, the team strives to promote an awareness of women in contact sports. The team hopes to prove and promote positive self-images and community building. Moreover, we recognize the historical and systematic oppression of women, people of colour, and queer people. By providing an inclusive and affirming space for individual growth of members of the above groups, the womens rugby team hopes to perpetually dismantle oppression and structural violence. This is suggesting a place for those who are otherwise alienated from parts of society this is furthermore highlighting the impact of sport upon individuals lives and also whole communities.The BBC is one of Englands highly trusted and representing broadcasters for the country on their website there were articles titled Womens rugby is one of the fastest-growing sports around. Its not just for boys and men anymore and there are more and more womens clubs all over the country thi s leads me to question why there is still a country of patriarchy and inequality in sport. Underneath the article is some advice for readers The Rugby Football Union for Women is responsible for getting more girls playing and learning about rugby. They will be able to give you all the information you need about getting started, and put you in touch with your nearest club. If you want to take your rugby seriously, Player Development Academies across the country hold open trials every summer. You can find out more by logging onto RFUW website. This is an elicit piece to revert back to once conducting my research as it shows that womens rugby is being promoted by some media parties. Is this filtering down to the ammeter players? will be a question I shall keep in mind.From personal research I am aware that there is a 115 minute promotional scene on Youtube a world wide online video broadcasting website for the Womens Rugby World Cup 2010. This was added one month ago at the time of written material this research, when searching for the mens world cup which is being held in 2011 there is a 247 minute video which was added three weeks ago. This is just an example of how different the promotional side of the different gendered games is To make it more acceptable within society for women to play what was traditionally a male dominated sport it take to be out there in the public eye.SummaryResearch which has been conducted in various countries and the research is also dated somewhat. There is little about Englands young female players views on how they feel playing a traditionally male dominated sport their thoughts, feelings and experiences whilst playing the game and how todays contemporary society treats them accordingly. There is a clear gap in research and that it will benefit many organisations such like the RFUW and also will help young aspiring female rugby players to continue their successes and not let stigma get in the way of their goals.

Lamb to the Slaughter and The Speckled Band :: English Literature

Both Lamb to the Slaughter and The Speckled Band sh be somecharacteristics of murder mysteries. What ar the similarities anddifferences between the twain stories?I this essay I am going to compare two short stories. The SpeckledBand by Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle and The Lamb to the Slaughter byRoald Dahl.There are some(prenominal) many similarities and difference between these twostories. Though some similarities/differences are taken for granted(predicate) and easy tospot, there are also some less obvious similarities/differences.The first difference we can see is the setting. In Lamb to theSlaughter, the briny setting is in a quiet, warm house. The room waswarm and clean, the curtains drawn, the two table lamps ignite - hersand the one by the empty chair opposite. This description tells usabout how the house is appealing to be in. Also, by saying the emptychair opposite you can hoard that there is a nonher character in thestory, to which she is waiting for. The time period is a p ost 20thCentury America (1954, about 10 years after the Second World War.)However, the main setting in The Speckled Band is the completeopposite. The building was of grey, lichen-blotched stone, with ahigh central portion, and two curving wings, handle the claws of a crab,thrown out on each side. This gives a foreboding atmosphere, whichcould be used to en-still fear into readers. Another difference isthat it is set in nineteenth Century England.Though both very different, both settings hold a murder to them.Other differences are in the way the characters are depicted. In Lambto the Slaughter the main character, Mary Maloney, is described as aquiet peaceful person. Curiously tranquil eyes with their new placidlook, seemed larger, darker than before. The writer also indicatesthat she is pregnant, for this was her sixth month with child. Withthis description, you would not think of Mary to be a typicalkiller. What people consider a typical killer is someone who is cold,precise and k nows what theyre doing, usually a man. However we aremisled, brought it down as hard as she could on the back of hishead. She might just have hit him with a steel club. As you can see,this would not have been expected from a quiet tranquil person. Thereare no more descriptions of other people. This is strange as you wouldthink that there would be more people in the story. Even though morepeople come into the story, they are not significant enough to get adescription. They are just said to be a police detective.

The Myth Of Perfection :: essays research papers

The allegory of PerfectionPerfection is a much sought-after quality, yet is completely unacceptable toobtain. Because we do non have a clear definition of what nonpareil truly is,when a per news attempts to become "perfect", they argon unremarkably transforming intowhat fascinatems to be perfect to . In both "A Dolls House" and "The Metamorphosis",we see that human beings cannot achieve a state of total nonpareil. WhenGregor Samsa, from "the Metamorphosis", attempts to be the perfect provider thathis family expects him to be, he inadvertently turns his life into an insectoidexistence. Likewise, when Nora from "A Dolls House" tries to cost up to herhusbands expectations of a perfect wife, she builds up enough self-hate toleave everything that she loves and start an entirely new life. strain to bethis ideal person, like attempting to acquire any other impossible goal, isdamaging to the characters in both cases. The fortunes of these ch aractersillustrate the harm in attempting to achieve these impossible objectives.As human beings, we have no intention of any absolute values, such asperfection and imperfection or hot and cold. We can simply perceive changes orcomparisons based on what we already know. Through experience, we can tell whatis hotter or colder, but never actually tell what the absolutes are. This is acommutation aspect of what makes perfection impossible to achieve. What exactly isperfection? Seeing as we have no inherent knowledge of what is perfect orimperfect, these ideals are usually set by the expectations of others who are inpositions of comptroller all over us. Therein lies one of the fundamental dangers inattempting to achieve perfection. When the aims and goals of our lives aregoverned by an outside force, we are transferring a great amount of power overourselves to someone else who may not have the best intentions.Those who have power over us, in most circumstances, will use it to their ownbenefit. This is Gregor Samsas main problem. He transfers control of his lifeover to his family, who hardly had the best intentions for Gregors well-being.They merely wanted a way to ingest money and food to support themselves. WithGregor working, his father has an acknowledgment to continue doing nothing, and allowsthe family to remain stagnant at the level that they are at. Directly andindirectly, his family enforces the view that a son should work to support hisfamily and not himself. They did this by presentation love and commending Gregorwhen he brought them food and money, showing him that this was their idea ofThe Myth Of Perfection essays research papers The Myth of PerfectionPerfection is a much sought-after quality, yet is completely impossible toobtain. Because we do not have a clear definition of what perfection truly is,when a person attempts to become "perfect", they are usually transforming intowhat seems to be perfect to . In both "A Dolls House& quot and "The Metamorphosis",we see that human beings cannot achieve a state of total perfection. WhenGregor Samsa, from "the Metamorphosis", attempts to be the perfect provider thathis family expects him to be, he inadvertently turns his life into an insectoidexistence. Likewise, when Nora from "A Dolls House" tries to live up to herhusbands expectations of a perfect wife, she builds up enough self-hate toleave everything that she loves and start an entirely new life. Striving to bethis ideal person, like attempting to acquire any other impossible goal, isdamaging to the characters in both cases. The fortunes of these charactersillustrate the harm in attempting to achieve these impossible objectives.As human beings, we have no conception of any absolute values, such asperfection and imperfection or hot and cold. We can only perceive changes orcomparisons based on what we already know. Through experience, we can tell whatis hotter or colder, but never actuall y tell what the absolutes are. This is acentral aspect of what makes perfection impossible to achieve. What exactly isperfection? Seeing as we have no inherent knowledge of what is perfect orimperfect, these ideals are usually set by the expectations of others who are inpositions of control over us. Therein lies one of the fundamental dangers inattempting to achieve perfection. When the aims and goals of our lives aregoverned by an outside force, we are transferring a great amount of power overourselves to someone else who may not have the best intentions.Those who have power over us, in most circumstances, will use it to their ownbenefit. This is Gregor Samsas main problem. He transfers control of his lifeover to his family, who hardly had the best intentions for Gregors well-being.They merely wanted a way to get money and food to support themselves. WithGregor working, his father has an excuse to continue doing nothing, and allowsthe family to remain stagnant at the level that the y are at. Directly andindirectly, his family enforces the view that a son should work to support hisfamily and not himself. They did this by showing love and commending Gregorwhen he brought them food and money, showing him that this was their idea of